Page 296 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Internet of things for smart grid applications Chapter 7 263

proposed communication network eliminates the cellular or satellite communi-
cation by connecting the nearest UDAP for data transmission.
In addition to the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) shown in Fig. 7.3, the
AMI applications require building area network (BAN) and neighbor area net-
work (NAN) that are designed by using WMN in urban places. The topological
design and management methods implemented for AMI applications are pre-
sented and are concluded in the following related subsection. The measurement
section of a SM involves pricing control based on time-of-use (ToU), the data
management interface, and AMR infrastructure [1]. Although it is one of the
components of SM, the AMR term is sometimes used to mention the whole sys-
tem. However, AMR allows transmitting the collected metering data to other
aggregated devices or data management centers by using several communica-
tion methods. The AMR provides a number of infrastructures to provide real
time monitoring and pricing, power quality analysis, instant pricing, direct con-
trol of load management, DSM, remote on-off control and troubleshoot notifi-
cations. The consumer requirements and applications that are implemented in
the context of smart grid are introduced in the following subsection where the
consumption level issues are surveyed in brief.

7.2.3 Smart grid applications in consumption levels
The consumption level is assumed as the last part of smart grid cycle where gen-
eration, transmission, and distribution interactions has been presented in previ-
ous sections. The consumer side of a regular grid system includes a wide variety
of loads. The DSM and DR issues have been carried to a new approach due to
these type applications and opportunities. The integration of RESs may cause
some power problems if there is not a well-planned management system that
does not exist on the consumer side. On the other hand, the generation potential
and intermittent structure of unbalanced sources require prediction and fore-
casting management under these circumstances. The increased use of EVs
and their integration to the utility grid is another research area in the context
of consumer side control issues. Therefore, the consumption level applications
and requirement of smart grid have been presented with four main topics that
are home or residential energy management, microgrid management, prediction
and forecasting, and EV integration. The required infrastructures, driving fac-
tors, and integration technologies of the aforementioned application groups are
presented in terms of IoT and smart grid interaction.
Regardless of consumers’ behaviors and habits, any of these applications
can be seen in any consumer site. It is noted in [22] that household appliances
in United States have realized 42% of the overall electricity consumption.
Hence, there are new regulations are made by local authorities to manage the
DR and DSM issues for consumers. The home energy management system
(HEMS) is one of the proposals to improve the PQ against load and source pro-
file of consumers and a solution to DSM. Although the residential energy