Page 292 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

260 From smart grid to internet of energy

of service (QoS) which should be provided by ICT technologies at any stage
ranging from generation to consumption [1]. Regardless of communication
medium or communication layer, QoS should ensure the integrity of the mon-
itored data, security of the communication, response time and control command
delivery as expected in any smart grid infrastructure. Therefore, several QoS
researches and surveys have been conducted including physical and medium
access control (MAC) layer communications, various area network communi-
cations, WAN placements, and interference security.

7.2.2 Smart grid applications in transmission and distribution levels
The transmission and distribution levels include substations to adjust the volt-
age levels in a power network. The substations are located between generation
and consumption levels where interconnection is composed by transformers,
circuit breakers, regulators, power factor controllers, phasor measurement units
and numerous sensors are done. The conventional substation automation has
been realized by SCADA systems as a standard for long years. After several
control and data acquisition systems have been implemented and have been
integrated to substations, a standard is required to ensure interoperability of dif-
ferent communication protocols and vendor-featured devices. The IEC 61850
standard which is improved for IEDs became a standard scheme for substation
automation including remote measurement functions, authentication, cyber-
security, PQ monitoring and measurements, DER integration, and energy man-
agement applications [15, 16]. It should be noted that all these applications and
requirements are being converted to IoT-based smart grid applications thanks to
intelligence-based middleware and MAS architectures.
A secure and reliable transmission system requires monitoring and fault
detection infrastructure in addition to substation automation. Moreover, the
fault detection systems are required to ensure the reliability of transmission
lines. The fault detection systems are focused on power conversion systems
and physical security of entire transmission system while the WAMS and
WMNs have provided widespread usage in transmission and distribution sys-
tems. These power flow monitoring technologies have attracted self-healing
capability of smart grid where the automatic restoration and reacting to unusual
situations have been enabled. Mousavi-Seyedi et al. proposed a PMU with
WAMS control in [17] while some other researchers have proposed power line
communication (PLC) based power monitoring, PMU applications and fault
detections that all are possible applications to be performed by IoT and smart
grid interaction.
The featured smart grid applications include substation automation as in
transmission level, monitoring of underground cables, smart transformer
control, Direct Load Control (DLC), AMI and Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) in distribution level as listed in Table 7.2. Although the substation auto-
mation is inherited from transmission level systems and infrastructures, it has
been improved regarding to the requirements of distribution level and DG