Page 37 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

26 From smart grid to internet of energy

tracking (MPPT) algorithms. These algorithms are based on physical and elec-
tronic control of DERs while an MPPT algorithm is calculating input power and
controls the power electronics in a PV system, another controller in a wind tur-
bine can additionally adjust the generator speed.
The grid side controllers are responsible to perform sophisticated controls
on generated and supplied active power to the utility grid, reactive power
exchange between DG and grid, dc link voltage rates, supplied power quality,
and grid synchronization. These requirements comprise the fundamental fea-
tures of a power converter used in DG system. In addition to fundamental
requirements, accompanying control services such as voltage and frequency
regulation, harmonic and other disturbance compensations, and filtering issues
are also required [18].
The microgrid that are operating in an integrated structure with ESSs is one
of the most important concepts of DG where the generation section of Fig. 1.9
illustrates this concept. In addition to be an improved infrastructure to tackle
integration problem of DERs to utility grid, the microgrid plays a vital role with
participation of consumers to generation, energy storage, control and manage-
ment issues in the grid. This development transforms consumers to prosumers
and enables them to play active role in the grid as a part. The microgrids can be

FIG. 1.9 Key enabler technologies for Smart Grid evolution.