Page 45 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

34 From smart grid to internet of energy

several types of batteries to rapidly respond to energy demand. The energy man-
agement capability of an ESS is required to meet load demands such as power
balancing, peak shaving and smoothing, and energy storage requirements dur-
ing low price tariff periods while participating to load supply in high price tariff
periods. This feature is one of the key contribution of ESSs to Smart Grid
evolution [14].

1.2.5 Control, interoperability and flexibility

The interoperability, flexibility and security issues of a smart grid infrastructure
require communication and control system to operate together. One of major
concern in smart grid flexibility is DSM to meet power requirement of load
shifts and load changes. Therefore, an ICT infrastructure with communication
and widespread control options is required to sustain reliability and flexibility of
grid. The control requirements are focused on generation, distribution, storage
and interoperability flexibilities where generation and storage control play vital
role. Moreover, TSO and DSOs can control DSM by load shedding and man-
aging the smart load by disconnection some consumers to balance generation
and load demand. The DSM is performed by applying particular DR policies
by shifting tariffs and incentive based programs for consumers to sustain grid
reliability [7].
The microgrid and distributed generation infrastructure enables distributed
control opportunity along smart grid infrastructure. The local microgrid con-
trollers include load controllers, energy storage controllers, and micro source
controllers. These controllers provide system reliability by detecting any distur-
bance or fault in time and response to changed conditions to ensure reliability of
interoperability served by diverse sources and loads. Local controllers employ
sensors, relays, breakers and IEDs to facilitate remote monitoring and measure-
ment to detect probable disturbances. A microgrid management system is used
to optimize different microgrid controls in a smart grid infrastructure. It is based
on remote metering of various node points over smart meters and transmitting
the measurement data to central management and control system over DMSs.
The smart metering system provides additional data for real time estimation and
load forecast applications in addition to regular metering data. The DMS system
provides concentrated measurement data to MDMS system that includes CIS,
OMS, geographical information system (GIS), and distribution management
system. These infrastructures comprise AMI interface of a Smart Grid infra-
structure. OMS is essential to detect power quality disturbances and faults at
the customer side of system. In case of any fault or disturbance detected,
OMS transmit a control signal to MDMS to response the abnormal operation
of related customer. The customer information, consumption rates, billing data
and consumer identification data are provided by GIS and CIS infrastructures to
MDMS. The distribution management system acts as a supervisory controller of