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42 CHAPTER 3

Rubin, A.M. (1993) Tensile fracture of rock at high
3.8 Further reading
confining pressure: implications for dike propaga-
tion. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 15919–35.
DIAPIRS Rubin, A.M. (1995) Propagation of magma-filled
Griffiths, R.W. & Turner, J.S. (1998) Understanding cracks. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 23, 287–336.
mantle dynamics through mathematical models
and laboratory experiments. In The Earth’s Mantle
GIANT DIKE SWARMS
(Ed. I. Jackson), pp. 191–227. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge. Ernst, R.E., Grosfils, E.B. & Mège, D. (2001) Giant dike
Marsh, B.D. (1984) Mechanics and energetics of magma swarms: Earth, Venus, and Mars. Ann. Rev. Earth
formation and ascension. In Explosive Volcanism: Planet. Sci. 29, 489–534.
Inception, Evolution, and Hazards (Ed. F.R. Boyd,
Jr.), pp. 67–83. National Academy Press, Washing-
ton, DC. 3.9 Questions to think about
Rubin, A.M. (1993) Dikes vs. diapirs in viscoelastic
rock. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 119, 641–59. 1 What factors control the deformation properties,
i.e., the rheology, of rocks? Why do we not
understand the rheology of the rocks in the man-
DIKES
tle as well as we would like?
Lister, J.R. & Kerr, R.C. (1991) Fluid-mechanical 2 What are the two main ways of moving large
models of crack propagation and their application volumes of molten rock within the Earth?
to magma transport in dikes. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 3 Why are the rise speeds of diapirs and dikes so
10049–77. different?
4 Why does magma rising from the mantle not
necessarily reach the surface to erupt?