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Membrane Processes 569

membrane sheets and spacers into a ‘‘roll,’’ with the Cevaal, J. N., Brunswick, R. J., Burke, J. E., and Suratt, W. B.,
sheets and spacers wound around a hollow tube. Design of a reverse osmosis treatment system for nitrate
removal for Brighton, Colorado, in: AWWA Annual Confer-
The feed flow enters the end of the tube with velocity
ence, San Antonio, Texas, June 6–10, 1993.
parallel to the tube as a ‘‘cross-flow.’’ The permeate-
Champlin, T. L., Membrane Filtration (handout prepared for Oper-
flow velocity is normal to the cross-flow velocity, ators Annual Short Course), University of Colorado, Boulder,
that is, the path is a spiral. The membrane sheets are CO, March 26, 1996.
attached to the inner tube with small holes between Champlin, T. L., Natural organic matter and particle fouling of
the sheets that receive the permeate flow. spiral-wound nanofiltration membrane elements, Doctoral
Spiral-wound membrane element: A spiral-wound mem- thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 1998.
Champlin, T. L. and Hendricks, D. W., Nanofiltration for treatment of
brane element is a double layer of membrane sheets
low-turbidity waters, membrane fouling and removals of dis-
wound around a tube. Permeate spacers between the
infection by-product precursors, Environmental Engineering
membrane sheets provide for permeate flow. Another Technical Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado
kind of spacer, that is, feed-flow spacer (of a coarse State University, Fort Collins, CO, December 1994.
mesh fabric), is between the membrane sheets. Sev- Cheryan, M., Ultrafiltration Handbook, Technomic Publishing Com-
eral such sheet assemblies may be wound around the pany, Inc., Lancaster, PA, 1986.
tube to comprise a membrane element. This whole Duranceau, S. J., Taylor, J. S., and Mulford, L. A., SOC removal in a
membrane softening process, Journal of the American Water
element fits snugly in a cylindrical pressure vessel.
Works Association, 84(1):68–78, January 1992.
An o-ring around the element fits against the pressure
Furukawa, D. H., Desalination Technology, 2006, in: AMBAG Con-
vessel and forces the flow to pass along the ‘‘feed- ference, Monterey, CA, September 27, 2006 (pdf file).
flow’’ spacer, parallel to the tube. The permeate flow General Electric Company, The Filtration Spectrum, General Elec-
enters a given spacer from the flow through the adja- tric Company, Minnetonka, MN, 1993.
cent membranes and flows around the tube as a spiral Global Water Intelligence (GWI), 19th International Desalination
and enters perforations along the tube; the tube Association (IDA) Worldwide Desalting Plant Inventory,
Media Analytic, Ltd., Oxford, U.K., 2006.
collects water from each leaf assembly and the per-
GWI, Desalination in 2008, Global Market Snapshot, 21st IDA World-
meate then passes from the tube. Figure 17.2b shows
wide Desalting Plant Inventory, 2pp., 2008; http:==www.global-
a membrane element ready to insert into its pressure waterintel.com (this site has proprietary information on market
vessel. conditions for water services and products, changing as new
Ultrafiltration: Characterized by membranes with pore size information is developed).
between MF and NF. Hanft, S., Major reverse osmosis system components for water
treatment: The global market, Report ID MST049B, Publica-
tion ID WA1176332, 297pp., BCC Research, September 1,
2005, http:==www.bccresearch.com=report=MST049B (obtained
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