Page 74 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

Water Contaminants 29

TABLE 2.4
Contaminant Categorization
Category Subcategory Group Representative Contaminants
Particle Mineral Clays Montmorillonite
Kaolinite
Asbestos Chrysotile
Amphibole
Biological Viruses Pathogenic (120 types of enteric viruses that cause disease; infectious
hepatitis, poliomyelitis, coxsackie, and ECHO are common)
Nonpathogenic
Bacteria Pathogenic
Nonpathogenic
Fungi Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium
Protozoa cysts Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Entamoeba histolytica
Plankton Diatoms
Green algae
Blue-green algae
Invertebrates Rotifers
Nematodes
Crustaceans
Other arthropods
Ciliates
Microscopic materials Plant debris
Amorphous debris
Pollen
Dissolved substances Inorganic Cations Mercury
Lead
Nickel
Copper
Anions Chloride
Sulfate
Carbonate
Bicarbonate
Nitrate
Nitrite
Parameters Alkalinity
Calcium
Hardness
Ammonia ion
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Specific electrical conductance (EC)
Organic Chlorinated hydrocarbons Trihalomethane (THM)
Chloroform
Dichlorobromomethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Haloacetic acids (HAAs), chloropicrin
Chloral hydrate
Haloacetonitriles (HAN)
Chloropropanes
Haloketones
Chlorophenols
Aldehydes
(continued)