Page 79 - Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes : Physical, Chemical, and Biological

34 Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes: Physical, Chemical, and Biological

source waters, typical contaminants treated, unit processes 6. Protection of saltwater environments such as the
likely, and the purpose of the product water. As seen in Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and the San Francisco
Table 2.6, the variety of treatment situations includes treat- Bay
ment of high-quality surface waters for drinking water, treated 7. Fisheries such as the Blue River near Dillon, Echo
municipal wastewater being further treated for agricultural Lake in the High Sierras, Lake Michigan, the South
use, industrial cooling water, injection to groundwater, Platte near Greeley, San Francisco Bay, the Ohio
or for drinking water, a contaminated groundwater being River, etc.
renovated by treatment and re-injected into an aquifer, etc. Develop case examples for situations that you select.
Each requires different criteria or standards and different 2.3 Source Water Quality and Treatment for Potable
treatment trains. Water
Table 2.6, column 3, indicates some of the contaminants to Discuss some examples from the literature with respect to
be reduced in concentration (the list is indicative only). Col- water quality profiles of source waters and the degree of
umn 4 indicates typical unit processes. treatment needed to meet certain uses that you may
In summary, the source water may be from any source and select. If you have access to records of treatment plants,
the product water may be whatever is required to meet the then these provide firsthand references and are more
purpose of that water. Water quality must be characterized in ‘‘real-world.’’
each case. As a rule, criteria and standards govern the target of 2.4 Water Quality Criteria=Standards
treatment. Look up criteria and standards for uses that you may
select. Pick two categories of uses. Document your
sources.
PROBLEMS 2.5 Organic Carbon over Annual Cycle
Discuss levels of TOC, and color, as they vary over an
2.1 Water Quality Profiles
annual cycle in ambient waters that you may select.
State what you believe may be reasonable estimates for
2.6 Particles and Turbidity over Annual Cycle
water quality profiles (constituents and concentrations
Discuss levels of particles and turbidity as they vary
and any important time variations) for several source
over an annual cycle in ambient waters that you
waters that may be put to some use (for any purpose as
may select.
listed in the second problem), such as
2.7 Water Quality Monitoring
1. Mountain streams in the Rocky Mountains or in the
Provide some examples of water quality monitoring with
High Sierras
respect to
2. Lower reaches of rivers such as the South Platte, the
1. Regulatory surveillance
Missouri, the Ohio, the Sacramento, the Iowa, and the
2. Process control
Cedar
3. Lakes such as Lake Superior, Lake Erie, and Lake 3. Database development
Tahoe
4. Raw wastewaters to municipal treatment plants
5. Treated wastewaters from municipal treatment plants ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
6. Tertiary-treated wastewaters from municipal treatment Dr. Judith L. Isaac-Renton, director, Pathology and Labora-
plants tory of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Van-
7. Raw wastewaters from industries such as electronics, couver, British Columbia, went through her files to locate a
metal plating, meat packing, brewery, poultry process- Giardia trophozoite electron-micrograph, shown in Figure
ing, electric energy generation, etc. 2.1a, and graciously provided permission for its use.
Develop case examples for situations that you select. Dr. Greg Sturbaum, president, CH Diagnostics and Consult-
2.2 Water Quality Criteria ing Services, Loveland, Colorado, gave permission to use
State what you believe may be reasonable expectations Figures 2.1b,c,d, generated at CSU during the period 1993–
for water (constituents and concentrations and any 1996.
important time variations) for purposes such as
1. Irrigation of citrus; vegetables such as lettuce, sugar
beets, etc. APPENDIX 2.A: ORGANIC CARBON
2. Farm uses such as livestock, poultry, etc. AS A CONTAMINANT
3. Industries such as sugar beet refining, steel manufac-
turing, manufacture of electronic chips, electric energy Each contaminant has its own unique story with respect to its
generation, poultry processing, dairies, etc. occurrence in natural waters and in municipal and industrial
4. Drinking water such as in New York City, Seattle, discharges, effects on uses of various kinds, the nature and
Denver, New Orleans, Baghdad, Zurich, Milan, Istan- range of treatment for reduction in concentration, and regula-
bul, Palermo, etc. tory requirements and their evolution. The story of organic
5. Recreation such as swimming pools carbon is reviewed here merely to illustrate the depth and