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efficiency. A key issue with any upscaling procedure is how well the coarsened
(upscaled) model replicates important aspects of the fine-scale flow behavior, such
as total injection and production rate, average pressure or saturation throughout the
reservoir, and breakthrough times of injected flows. Additional issues are the degree
of coarsening achievable by a given method, the level of robustness of the coarse
scale model (that is, its applicability to models with different global boundary con-
ditions or well locations), and whether or not the method introduces modifications
to the form of the governing equations. Reviewing all aspects of upscaling methods
would require a full review by itself. The interested reader is referred to Ebrahimi
and Sahimi (2002, 2004), where some of these issues are discussed in detail, and a
new and efficient upscaling method for miscible displacements is proposed.

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