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FUrTher InFormaTIon
Energy Information Administration (EIA; http://www.eia.doe.gov/)
The EIA is an office in the United States Department of Energy. It provides an updated
analysis of energy use in the United States. It maintains a Web site that provides sector
analysis, efficiency information, and other useful data that are needed for informed discus-
sion regarding environmental issues.
International Energy Agency (IEA; http://www.iea.org/)
The IEA is an intergovernmental organization that was setup during the oil crisis in 1973
and 1974 to advise regarding energy policy. Since then it has evolved to focus on “cli-
mate change policies, market reform, energy technology collaboration, and outreach to the
rest of the world, especially major consumers and producers of energy like China, India,
Russia, and the OPEC countries.” Their Web site is a significant source for data on inter-
national and national energy issues.
Kristmannsdottir, H., and H. Ármannsson. 2003. “Environmental Aspects of Geothermal Energy
Utilization.” Geothermics 32:451, 461.
This article provides an excellent summary of the environmental issues regarding geother-
mal use in the country of Iceland. It is a good model for how other countrywide analyses
could be formulated.
Wolfson, R. 2008. Energy, Environment and Climate. New York: W.W. Norton Co.
This book provides an excellent overview of the environmental issues associated with
energy use, particularly as they relate to climate. The overview is broad, encompassing
many facets of the energy challenge, and is a good starting point for deeper study.

sIdebar 12.1 measuring seismic events
When rock failure occurs, energy is released. The characteristics that are observed from such an event are the
amount of energy that is released and the intensity of shaking that occurs.
Richter (1935) established that the relative amount of energy released during an earthquake could be deduced
from the amplitude of the trace of the event recorded on standardized seismometers and the distance to the earth-
quake. His relationship was
M L = log A + B, (12S.1)