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130 • Green Project Management

and focus groups are most effective because the project manager will be
able to evaluate the “sense” by the stakeholders of the effectiveness of the
greenality efforts. This is important because initially, there will be resis-
tance to green efforts, accusations of greenwashing and tree-hugging, and
a reluctance to institute anything new. Interviews and focus groups will be
able to provide data related to the “softer” side of the issues. “How do you
really feel about greenality?” Remember, green project management is in
its infancy. Perceptions will have to be managed with the same intensity
as when project management itself was in its infancy. We found over and
over again in our interviews even with project leaders overseeing projects
that were green by project intent that they were not always clear on or
fully aware of the green aspects of their projects. This surprised us, but
in retrospect often this surprised them even more! With respect to the
project team and other contributors, remember that people have a natural
distrust of change, and hesitancy to adopt anything that is new. Initially,
the field of project management and project managers themselves were
viewed with skepticism, as an added burden, with no value added. That
perception has been proven very wrong, as will the current perception of
greening a project.

measuring the PerFormanCe oF greenality

In order to understand the complexity of measuring greenality efforts on
a project, it is necessary to look in detail at one of the greenality elements.
Nonproduct output (NPO) is one of the elements of greenality the project
manager needs to monitor and control. NPO is defined in Chapter 3 as
“essentially what is left prior to reuse or recycling, yet after all efforts for
redesign and reduction have been exhausted.” However, the NPOs we are
talking about here are those that have been defined. One example of NPO
is the carbon emissions of the project. Once the efforts identified in the
project-planning process are implemented, they are monitored via perfor-
mance measurements. For instance, have the efforts been implemented so
that the anticipated remediation has been realized? How does the project
manager measure success of that effort? One of the ways is to look at the
energy use of the project itself. For instance, how much savings have been
realized by the efforts instituted by the project team? Have computers
and other power-consuming equipment been turned off at night and on