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48 • Green Project Management

work closely with the project team to continually improve project greenal-
ity. Earned environmental value management is part of a common set of
objectives tools used to monitor and control project greenality. The “costs”
of greenality, therefore, are the same as the costs of quality: prevention
costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs. There will be up-front costs to
educate individuals, executives, and project managers alike in the meth-
ods of setting environmental and sustainability objectives, as well as the
development of tools to help with that process. Additionally, there will
probably be greenality reviews, which take time and effort to prepare and
participate in. There will be costs associated with monitoring and con-
trolling the aspects of environmental and sustainability objectives. Data
collection and analysis to help evaluate both the product of the project
and the project management process are included as some of those costs.
And finally, failure costs are the reason you are investing in all of these
aspects of greenality. Some are tangible and immediate; some are harder
to enumerate and/or take generations to accrue. With disciplined preven-
tion and appraisal, the cost of what would have been failures, both internal
(recycling, reuse, rework) and external (loss of credibility, warranty), will,
in most cases, far outweigh the prevention and appraisal costs, and the
long-term effect will be addition to the bottom line. So whereas Philip
Crosby said quality is free, we say not only is greenality free, but it likely
will make money for the organization, a definite positive for the green
project manager trying to get this message across to stakeholders.

ProjeCt liFe CyCle thinking

Effective project managers are very good at looking at the “global” view.
Their thinking is life cycle thinking, from project initiation through clo-
sure and beyond. The application of green to life cycle thinking is most
important because during every phase of the project the environmental
impacts are different. In order to understand project life cycle thinking,
it is important to define the project’s life cycle in this context. There are
many ways to portray a project life cycle:

• Plan, organize, control
• Plan, execute, control
• Initiate, plan, execute, monitor and control, close 6