Page 235 - Handbook of Deep Learning in Biomedical Engineering Techniques and Applications

226 Chapter 8 A review on plant diseases recognition through deep learning

was depicted for the location of plant infections in tainted plants.
Tissue smears were made by squeezing with a firm and delicate
power, the naturally cut tissue surface on nitrocellulose films.

3.1.1.2 Dot blot immunobinding assay
Smearing procedure has gotten broadly utilized for the identifica-
tion of nucleic acid and proteins. This speck test was modified to
recognize protein by detecting the antigen on a nitrocellulose film
and hatching the layer in test immunizer followed by hatching in
peroxidase-conjugated second immunizer to the first counteract-
ing agent and by improvement in 4-chloro-1-naphthol. DBIA
was utilized to screen the supernatants of hybridomas for
monoclonal antibodies and screen neurotic sera for various
antibodies. The highlight of DBIA is, it could find very minimal
amounts of virus because of the very small sample volume [8].

3.1.1.3 Tissue blotting immunoassay
The tissue blotting technique on nitrocellulose membrane is used
to detect the viruses from the infected plants. The nitrocellulose
membranes are pressed gently over the freshly cut tissue surface
to make into tissue blots. The present antigen was then detected
by enzyme-labeled immunological probes. Tomato spotted wilt vi-
rus (TSWV) was transferred from the infected leaf and stem to the
tissue blots [9]. The presence of TSWV antigen in a blot of infected
tissues was evidenced by the development of purple color when
primary antibodies were omitted from the reaction mixture; tissue
blots from infected plant tissues developed purple color. The
healthy control leaf and stem blots did not develop purple color,
but leaf blots reaction developed green color of chlorophyll [10].
Antigen-specific reactions were observed on tissue blots of faba
bean necrotic yellow virus (FBNYV)einfected plants, but not on
those of noninoculated faba bean plants. The red stain was
restricted to midrib and secondary vein areas of leaf, petiole, and
stem sections indicating the restriction of FBNYV to plant vascular
tissue.

3.2 Nuclei acidebased methods
Nuclei acidebased methods are one of the most popular tradi-
tional methods for plant disease identification. It includes nucleic
acid spot hybridization (NASH), northern hybridization, and
southern hybridization. These tests included the hybridization
of viral nucleic acids with named tests and the identification of
hybridization signals. Nucleic corrosiveebased advancements