Page 231 - Handbook of Deep Learning in Biomedical Engineering Techniques and Applications

222 Chapter 8 A review on plant diseases recognition through deep learning

• Eradication of virus from plant extracts
• Structural investigations of virus particles
Two main categories of traditional plant disease detection
methods are as follows:
• Serological assays
• Nucleic acid methods

3.1 Serological assays
Many diverse methods have been developed for diagnosing plant
virus disease that involves cytological, biological, physical, molec-
ular, and serological. However, serological is known to be one of
the easiest methods for decisive plant disease identification [3].
Serology is a branch of medical science that studies immunology.
The technique has been used by many researchers because of its
precise results in the final identification of viral infection and
strains. The identification of plant viruses is based on reaction
between viral antigens and their definitive antibodies. Plant
viruses can be utilized as antigens, and in a suspected plant, their
quality can be shown with homologous antisera. An antigen is a
molecule when enters into a mammal or a bird, usually a
vertebrate, can trigger an immune response; in consequence,
particular antibodies are produced that can be combined with a
foreign antigen [4].
Infection particles themselves and their proteins have a few
antigenic determinants (epitopes), which shift in their amino
corrosive grouping and have the properties of promoting the
creation of explicit antibodies. Serological techniques have
assisted with clarifying the information of the infections; howev-
er, their degrees are indistinguishably connected up with the
progress in the information on the infections, and of the natural
chemistry of the proteins of solid, just as of infection ailing,
plants. Each progress made by the natural chemist in the decon-
tamination and grouping of plant infections has been, and will
be, a gift from heaven to the plant infection serologist in his
battle with the issues experienced. The collaboration of scholars,
virologists, and natural chemists is required, without a doubt
(Tables 8.1e8.4).
Advantages of Serology in Plant Virology
Serology is explicit and objective and, aside from this, it is free
of the manifestations that appeared by the infected plants. It
empowers examining laborers to study the spread of an infection
inside a plant after its contamination. It has the following
advantages: