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Chapter 9 Applications of deep learning in biomedical engineering 263




               differentiation, development, and adaptability of any living or-
               ganism; the amount of a particular protein in a cell indicates
               the balance between that protein's synthetic and degradative
               biochemical pathways. The steps involved in gene expression
               process include transcription, RNA splicing (pre-mRNA to
               mRNA), translation (RNA to protein), and posttranslational modi-
               fication (formation of mature protein) [27]. DL can be employed
               in gene expression regarding two perspectives:
               • Alternative splicing
               • Prediction of gene expression [2]

               36. Alternative splicing

                  It is also known as alternative RNA splicing or differential
               splicing. It is a controlling process during gene expression.
               In this mechanism, exons of a gene can be incorporated or
               rejected in cis-acting regulatory elements of mRNA sequence,
               which involves production of two or more isoforms [28].


               37. Gene expression prediction

                  Gene expression prediction is a biological tool used to deter-
               mine the reaction of cells to characterize the diseases and drug
               treatments. Histone modifications play a significant task in
               changing gene regulation activities. Predicting the histone modi-
               fication helps to identify gene expression level (high or low) [2].

               38. Genomic sequencing

                  Genomic sequencing replaces the traditional method of
               sequencing individual genes one by one. With the advancement
               of technology, sequencing the entire genome of an organism is
               possible. It helps to explore the behavior of all the genes in a
               cell. The chief resolution map of a genome is a nucleotide
               sequence, which imparts complete information about genes.
               The function of gene is controlled by many other regulatory
               bodies such as response elements, enhancers, the silencers, and
               so on [29].
                  The application of the DL in the genomic sequencing includes
               two fields:
               1. Learning the functional activity of DNA sequencing
               2. DNA methylation [2]
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