Page 271 - Handbook of Deep Learning in Biomedical Engineering Techniques and Applications

262 Chapter 9 Applications of deep learning in biomedical engineering

Figure 9.10 Around the genome. Based on from the sources https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Double_stranded_DNA_
with_coloured_bases.png; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basic_diagram_of_locations_of_gene_expression.jpg; https://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Whole_genome_shotgun_sequencing_versus_Hierarchical_shotgun_sequencing.png; https://
encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q¼tbn%3AANd9GcQCHLp30l1AXsqry-HjxnvvVEC4mknm9JWx9Q&usqp¼CAU.

34. DNAeRNA-binding proteins

It is the process of chemical binding between the protein and
DNA/RNA to form ribonucleoprotein complexes. DNA- and RNA-
binding proteins (DRBPs) regulate many biological activities,
including transcription, translation, gene silencing, microRNA
biogenesis, and telomere maintenance.
The inherent structural and biochemical properties are
administered by DRBP. The binding is carried out based on tran-
scription factor, promoter, and RNA coactivator [26].
The binding sites are modeled using positionefrequency
matrix which is the input channel, and the binding score will
be the output [2].
Enhancer and promoter identification: Promoter and
enhancer are highly responsible for controlling when and where
should be the magnitude genes active. These are earlier findings
when genes are molecularly characterized. The former one is
accountable for positioning of RNA polymerase at initiation of
transcription locations, whereas the latter one is the small portion
of DNA sequences bounded by the transcription factors, which
are the certain types of proteins [2].

35. Gene expression

It is the process of determining the functional gene product
often called proteins using the information from the gene. Regu-
lation of gene expression is the fundamental for cell