Page 458 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

COMPUTER BASED POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 447

supply is lost for a short time, or even a long time, then these loads should be allowed to restart
without the need for operators to manually intervene.
If there is a large number of motors to restart (or also called reaccelerate) then there will be
a large surge of main feeder current if they all start at the same time. This will cause a severe volt-
drop at the common busbars, which will cause the run-up times to be extended and the possibility
of the overcurrent protection relay at the main feeder circuit breaker to trip. Similarly if there is a
group of motor control centres all in the same state of restarting their motors, then their common
busbar e.g. main generator switchboard, will experience a significant volt-drop which may not be
acceptable.
It is therefore necessary to plan the restarting process of all the motor loads by introducing
time delays into each motor starter or groups of starters. There are many methods of achieving this,
some of which are peculiar to the type of plant and whether it is offshore or onshore.

In general it is better to first restart the smaller motors and those with short run-up times.
The larger and long run-up motors should be started towards the end of the planned sequence. This
may not be possible in all cases because of plant operational constraints. However, the reason for
attempting this is that if the supply is from a generator(s) then the driving emf of the generator
increases as the load increases. The initial starting of small motors will gradually increase the emf.
Consequently, when the larger motors are started later, the higher emf will benefit the volt-drop, the
motors will receive a slightly higher terminal voltage throughout their run-up times.

The restarting process is usually initiated by using a voltage-sensing relay or transducer to
detect the return of busbar voltage. The detection also checks that the magnitude of the voltage
received is high enough to allow motors to be started e.g. greater than 90%, and a time delay may
be included to ensure that the supply settles and is not a transient quantity.

All the functions required for restarting motors can be programmed in a PMS, or in a purpose
designed programmable device built into each motor control centre, see also sub-section 7.6.

16.3.13 Auto-synchronising of the Main Generators

If the PMS incorporates active and reactive power sharing facilities, then it is reasonably simple to
add an auto-synchronising system for the generators. The generator to be synchronised would be
started and run up through its normal sequences, as furnished by its manufacturer, one for the turbine
and one for the generator excitation. At the end of these sequences the generator speed and terminal
voltage would be close to their busbar running values.
The PMS would then be signalled to start the auto-synchronising process, either by a signal
from the turbine-generator control panel or from the operator. The PMS would use a comparator for
the frequency and another comparator for the terminal voltage. The terminal voltage of the generator
will be checked for nearly equal magnitude and phase angle against the switchboard busbar voltage.
Three error signals will be created:-

• Voltage magnitude error.

• Voltage phase angle error.
• Frequency error.