Page 462 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES 451

downstream device and the lower tolerance of the upstream device. If the two cascaded devices are
of the same type, range of products from the same manufacturer, and similar shapes of curves then
the margin of coordination can be relatively low. Often these cascaded devices are different, e.g.
fuses upstream with circuit breakers downstream or vice versa, and their manufacturers are different.
This will generally result in requiring a wider margin for coordination. A ‘rule-of-thumb’ guide can
be based on the normal rated currents of these devices. For a good situation where the type of the
two devices is the same, e.g. both are fuses or both are circuit breakers, the marginal factor should
be no less than 2.5. For the poor situation with dissimilar devices the marginal factor may need to be
at least 3.0. In the above discussion it is assumed that the protective devices do not have a definite
minimum time at currents within the range of fault current being considered. This is a different
situation from one in which the prospective fault currents are much greater than full-load currents,
see sub-sections 7.7.5 and 7.7.6.
It should be noted that a UPS on an important plant, such as a production platform, is in
a critical situation. It must function in a very reliable manner otherwise the cost of lost oil or gas
production will be very high in relation to the cost of all the components in the UPS system that are
unreliable. If the unreliability is due to poor coordinations of protective devices then the marginal
factors described above may need to be reviewed, or better still applied in the early stages of the
power system design.
Reference 1 gives a good description of the coordination of protective devices and their pro-
tected equipment, a diagrammatic procedure and a worked example consisting of miniature circuit
breakers and an upstream fuse in a 415 V three-phase system. See also sub-section 13.3.2 for a brief
discussion on the use of a high impedance to earth a low-voltage emergency or drilling power system.
Reference 2 discusses the difficulties that can be experienced with coordinating cascaded
protective devices, plus a comprehensive description of all aspects of NiCd charger-battery-inverter
systems.

17.1.3 Earth Fault Leakage Detection

Short circuits often develop from faults of a leakage nature. It is therefore advisable to provide each
sub-circuit with an earth leakage current relay or alarm unit, which has a sensitivity that adequately
coordinates with other devices. Indeed this is a necessary requirement for sub-circuits that feed power
to hazardous area equipment. The use of these earth leakage current relays and detectors will greatly
increase the confidence that can be placed on the overall performance of the system of protective
devices in the UPS.

17.2 DC UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

A DC uninterruptible power supply is basically a battery bank and a charger. However, it differs
from a simple battery and charger system that may be associated with starting diesel engines, or
similar rugged functions, because the output voltage must be maintained within a close tolerance of
the nominal DC voltage.
DC uninterruptible power supplies are used for:

• Closing and tripping of circuit breakers and contactors in switchboards.
• Switchboard indicating lamps.