Page 513 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

GENERALISED THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES 503

Note that Figure 20.4 shows the short circuit current for a fault inside the terminal box of
the motor when its internal emf is acting alone, i.e. the stator is isolated from its supply. In practice
there will be the transient and the steady state in-feeds of fault current from the upstream switchgear,
which will act in addition to that created within the motor. When a motor feeds current back into
its faulted upstream system, e.g. short circuit at the busbars of the motor control center, then the
motor feeder cables will attenuate the motor current to some extent. A low voltage motor feeder
cable usually has a low X-to-R ratio and, for long route lengths, reasonably significant impedance
when it is compared with the one per-unit impedance of the motor. Hence the attenuation effect will
be more pronounced than with high voltage motors. In addition the reduction in the X-to-R ratio in
the stator circuit will usually cause the initial decay of the motor contribution to be faster than for
a high voltage motor. The absence of current zero-crossings in the initial period may also be much
reduced or even eliminated altogether.
Oil industry power systems often have generators and large motors connected to the same high-
voltage switchboards. Hence there is the possibility of, more than may be expected, contributions of
sub-transient current from the generators and motors. This will unduly stress the switchgear.
It can be noted that equation 8 in Reference 23 has a very similar form to the equation for the
phase current i a of a generator in sub-section 7.2.7. With appropriate assumptions and approximations
the phase current i a of an induction motor can be presented in the same manner.
The motor parameters normally given by a manufacturer are those given in sub-section 5.2.1,
i.e. R 1 , X 1 , R 20 , R 21 , X 20 , X 21 , X m and R c . The parameters take account of the ‘deep-bar’ effect
in the rotor. The following reactances and time constants can be defined in the same manner as for
a generator.
Synchronous reactance
X = X 1 + X m
Transient reactance
X m X 20

X = X 1 +
X m + X 20
Sub-transient reactance
X m X 20 X 21

X = X 1 +
X m X 20 + X 20 X 21 + X m X 21
Armature time constant
X
T a =
ωR 1
Transient short-circuit time constant

X m X 1
X 20 +
X m + X 1
T =
ωR 20
Sub-transient short-circuit time constant

X m X 1 X 20
X 21 +
X m X 1 + X 1 X 20 + X m X 20
T =
ωR 21