Page 510 - Handbook of Electrical Engineering

500 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The following resistances and reactances can be defined when referred to the stator at the
nominal power system frequency:-

X 1 = X L1 − X m is the stator leakage reactance.
X 2 = X L2 − X m is the rotor leakage reactance, not to be confused with the
negative sequence reactance.
X m is the magnetising reactance.
R 1 is the stator winding resistance.
R 2 is the rotor winding resistance.
s is the rotor slip with respect to frequency ω.

The resistance R 2 /s represents the total power dissipated in one phase winding of the rotor.
This consists of a resistive loss in the winding itself and the shaft power transmitted to the mechanical
load. The resistance can be divided into two parts:-
(1 − s)
R 2
= R 2 + R 2
s s
Where R 2 is the rotor winding resistance and (1 − s)R 2 /s is the equivalent rotor resistance of
the mechanical load.
A practical motor has two additional losses that are significant. One is a resistive loss in the
iron core due to eddy currents. The other is a mechanical loss due to the cooling fans and bearings on
the shaft, plus the frictional losses due to the presence of the air in the air gap and which surrounds
the moving parts of the rotor. The total amount of these losses can be presented approximately by
a constant shunt resistance R c placed in parallel with the magnetising shunt reactance ωX m /ω n .The
equivalent circuit for a motor fed from a fixed frequency supply is shown in Figure 5.1 and from a
variable frequency supply in Figure 15.11.

Note: The direction of I 2 can be reversed and its sign changed in the shunt circuit R c and X m .

The sub-transient reactance of the motor at the nominal frequency can be defined in terms of
the familiar reactances in the equivalent circuit.

X m X 2

X = X = X 1 +
d q
X m + X 2
and X d = X q = X 1 + X m
Many practical motors are designed to give efficient performance near to their rated speed, high
starting torque and a reasonably low starting current. These are somewhat conflicting requirements
for the design of a single squirrel-cage motor that has fixed resistances and reactances. The motor
designer is able to make the rotor resistance and rotor reactance functions of the slip. The resistance
is caused to increase with an increase in slip and the reactance to decrease with slip. The change in
the performance of the motor at different values of slip becomes comparable with a double squirrel-
cage motor. The variable characteristic is obtained by placing part of the rotor winding bars in the
bottom of a deep and narrow slot. Some slots have specially shaped cross-sectional areas to obtain
a pronounced effect in the bottom of the slot. The variable characteristic is also described as the
‘deep-bar effect’ or ‘skin effect’, see Reference 8, Chapter XIII and Reference 27, Chapter 10. The