Page 140 - Historical Dictionary of Political Communication in the United States

SCOPES MONKEY
129
That is interesting TRIAL falseness had nothing to do with the case. The case
because
involved the distribution of an antidraft pamphlet during World War I. Schenck
was the secretary of the Socialist Party, the distributor of the pamphlet. Holmes
ruled that although there was no evidence that the pamphlet had had any effect,
it was intended to interfere with military conscription during wartime. This en-
dangered the nation's security and thus constituted what Holmes called "a clear
and present danger." Subsequently, Holmes modified his position on this issue.
The Yates decision nearly 40 years later at least changed the meaning of clear
and present danger in that there had to be a clear result of the speech in question.
Many who refer to Schenck apparently are unaware of this.
SOURCE: Schenck v. U.S., 249 U.S. 47, 1919.
Guido H. Stempel HI

SCHRAMM, WILBUR (1907-1987) was one of the leading pioneers in mass
communication research. His career started as a journalist for the Boston Herald
and then the Associated Press in the mid-1920s through the mid-1930s. In 1935,
he became an assistant professor at the University of Iowa, Iowa City. He later
taught at the University of Illinois (Champaign-Urbana), Stanford University,
and the East-West Institute in Hawaii. He was the first director of the Illinois
Institute of Communication Research and was director of Stanford's Institute
for Communication Research. His long career in mass education research and
communication research included work with the U.S. Office of Education and
the United Nations.
As a researcher, Schramm devised communication models that were among
the first to look at how human communication varied from technical commu-
nications (technology). Specifically, his models looked at the experiences of the
encoder and the decoder, or the speaker and the listener, and how those expe-
riences shaped what was actually communicated. His models proposed that hu-
man communication be analyzed in terms of unique characteristics of the
encoder and decoder and their shared experiences as humans.
His books include the pioneering Process and Effects of Mass Communication
(1954) and Men, Messages and Media: A Look at Human Communication
(1973). He was coauthor with Daniel Lerner of Communication and Change in
the Developing Countries (1967) and with William L. Rivers of Responsibility
in Mass Communication (1969).
SOURCES: Current Biography (1994); Edwin Emery and Joseph P. McKerns,
"AEJMC: 75 Years in the Making," Journalism Monographs, No. 104, November 1987;
Donald Paneth, Encyclopedia of American Journalism; Donna Straub, Wemer J. Severin,
and James W. Tankard, Jr., Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, and Uses in the
Mass Media, fourth edition, 1997.
Jacqueline Nash Gifford

SCOPES MONKEY TRIAL. This trial in a small town in Tennessee became
a national political event because it pitted Clarence Darrow against William