Page 7 - Hydrogeology Principles and Practice

HYDA01 12/5/05 5:44 PM Page vi

vi Contents

2.11.3 Transmissivity and specific yield of unconfined aquifers 51
2.11.4 Equations of groundwater flow 55
2.12 Analytical solution of one-dimensional groundwater flow problems 57
2.13 Groundwater flow patterns 58
2.14 Groundwater and geology 62
2.14.1 Hydrogeological environments of the United Kingdom 63
2.15 Further reading 73

3 Chemical hydrogeology 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Properties of water 74
3.3 Chemical composition of groundwater 76
3.4 Sequence of hydrochemical evolution of groundwater 78
3.5 Groundwater sampling and graphical presentation of hydrochemical data 80
3.6 Concept of chemical equilibrium 87
3.6.1 Kinetic approach to chemical equilibrium 88
3.6.2 Energetic approach to chemical equilibrium 89
3.7 Carbonate chemistry of groundwater 90
3.8 Adsorption and ion exchange 99
3.9 Redox chemistry 107
3.10 Groundwater chemistry of crystalline rocks 111
3.11 Further reading 117

4 Environmental isotope hydrogeology 122
4.1 Introduction 122
4.2 Stable isotope chemistry and nomenclature 122
4.3 Stable isotopes of water 123
4.4 Age dating of groundwater 126
4.4.1 Law of radioactive decay 126
4.4.2 14 C dating 127
4.4.3 36 Cl dating 131
4.4.4 Tritium dating 133
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4.4.5 3 H/ He dating 136
4.5 Noble gases 138
4.6 Further reading 140

5 Groundwater investigation techniques 141
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Measurement and interpretation of groundwater level data 141
5.2.1 Water level measurement 141
5.2.2 Borehole hydrographs and barometric efficiency 142
5.2.3 Construction of groundwater level contour maps 146
5.3 Precipitation and evapotranspiration 146
5.3.1 Precipitation measurement 147
5.3.2 Evapotranspiration measurement and estimation 149
5.4 Soil water and infiltration 151
5.4.1 Soil moisture content and soil water potential 151
5.4.2 Calculation of drainage and evaporation losses 154
5.4.3 Infiltration theory and measurement 155