Page 8 - Hydrogeology Principles and Practice

HYDA01 12/5/05 5:44 PM Page vii

Contents vii

5.5 Recharge estimation 158
5.5.1 Borehole hydrograph method 159
5.5.2 Soil water budget method 159
5.5.3 Chloride budget method 161
5.6 Stream gauging techniques 161
5.6.1 Velocity–area methods 161
5.6.2 Dilution gauging 164
5.6.3 Ultrasonic, electromagnetic and integrating float methods 166
5.6.4 Slope–area method 166
5.6.5 Weirs and flumes 167
5.7 Hydrograph analysis 168
5.7.1 Quickflow and baseflow separation 169
5.8 Field estimation of aquifer properties 172
5.8.1 Piezometer tests 172
5.8.2 Pumping tests 172
5.8.3 Tracer tests 185
5.8.4 Geophysical methods 190
5.9 Groundwater modelling 193
5.10 Further reading 196

6 Groundwater quality and contaminant hydrogeology 197
6.1 Introduction 197
6.2 Water quality standards 197
6.2.1 Water hardness 199
6.2.2 Irrigation water quality 202
6.3 Transport of contaminants in groundwater 203
6.3.1 Transport of non-reactive dissolved contaminants 203
6.3.2 Transport of reactive dissolved contaminants 208
6.3.3 Transport of non-aqueous phase liquids 216
6.3.4 Effects of density and heterogeneity 223
6.4 Sources of groundwater contamination 223
6.4.1 Urban and industrial contaminants 224
6.4.2 Municipal landfill, domestic and cemetery wastes 231
6.4.3 Agricultural contaminants 239
6.4.4 Saline water intrusion in coastal aquifers 243
6.5 Further reading 248

7 Groundwater pollution remediation and protection 249
7.1 Introduction 249
7.2 Groundwater pollution remediation techniques 249
7.2.1 Pump-and-treat 250
7.2.2 Permeable reactive barriers 252
7.2.3 Monitored natural attenuation 256
7.3 Groundwater pollution protection strategies in industrialized countries 258
7.3.1 Groundwater vulnerability mapping and aquifer resource protection 258
7.3.2 Source protection zones 261
7.3.3 Risk assessment methods 266
7.3.4 Spatial planning and groundwater protection 267