Page 334 - Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse

306 Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Recycling, and Reuse

Increasing concerns on low carbon emissions and sustainability are creating
a newer interest in nonconventional technologies such as soil-aquifer treat-
ment, stabilization ponds, and wetlands as secondary treatment and polish-
ing. Decentralized treatment plays an increasing role in water recycling both
in urban and rural areas.

7.3.3 Water Recycling and Reuse: Strategy

The selective combination of wastewater treatment methods and practices
can lead to successful recycle and reuse scheme. This scheme is very impor-
tant for agricultural irrigation, for which recycled water is becoming the
inevitable alternative resource in dry and urban areas (Biotechnology and
Water Security in the 21st Century, 1999). Source quality is beneficial
for the diversification of water reuse, e.g., limiting industrial discharges,
on-site recycling, urine separation, reduction of salt discharge, or intrusion
into sewers.
Water policy and economic water pricing are important to achieve the
cost effectiveness in arriving at water reuse project formulations. Water reuse
needs to be focussed on the basis of full cost recovery and “polluter pays”
principle.
The participation of stackholders’ in water recycling and reuse projects
and their perception of the water cycle management is unquestionably
the crucial factor for the success and the future development of water reuse
practices, in particular in urban areas, agriculture, and for indirect
potable reuse.
The current issues of climate change, the European Water Framework Direc-
tives, and the Millennium Development Goals are expected to effect water recy-
cling and reuse development because water recycling is widely recognized as
a proven water scarcity solution, drought-proof alternative resource, and
environment sustainability approach.

7.4 INDUSTRIAL WATER PRODUCTION AND
REUSE/URBAN-INDUSTRY JOINT VENTURE

From the past experience of urban/municipal wastewater treatment, it is
quite evident that the industrial sectors require huge volumes of fresh water
for increased productivity. The withdrawal of fresh water by industry further
depletes the availability of resources. Realizing this long-term sustainability