Page 34 - Intelligent Digital Oil And Gas Fields

Introduction to Digital Oil and Gas Field Systems 15

Computer Camera
PAC

Router Ethernet
Pressure Temperature
Sensor Sensor
Level Sensor
Leak Detector
Flow Meter
switch

Fig. 1.8 A common configuration for production operations telemetry equipment at a
wellsite. (Image courtesy of Moxa.)

1.5.2 Data Management and Data Transmission
Located in the SCADA terminal, real-time signals from the field are
gathered by cellular modems and sent to a family of servers. The servers
use multiplex software to organize and store the data in different struc-
tured layers under a series of information technology (IT) industry pro-
tocols. The software that does this data collection and aggregation is
referred to as a historian, which accumulates time data, Boolean events,
and alarms in a database, which can be used for many visualization solu-
tions. The data are previously QA/QCed, cleaned, and conditioned using
a series of algorithms (data reduction, wavelet filtration, and missing data
interpolation) that filters the data from signal abnormalities such as noise,
spikes, outliers, and frozen data. The historian commonly feeds a repos-
itory or master database, such as the Structured Query Language (SQL) or
Oracle. Other types of data—such as mechanical equipment, interven-
tions, tubing scans, gyro scans—are unstructured and stored in well files
are well databases.
Chapter 3 discusses these and other processes and key concepts for DOF
data management, including
• data architecture, data storage, and cloud servers;
• data QA/QC, conditioning, and cleansing; and
• alert and alarm management.