Page 72 - Intelligent Digital Oil And Gas Fields

CHAPTER TWO

Instrumentation and

Measurement

Contents
2.1 Instrumentations for Measurement: Gauges and Flowmeters 44
2.1.1 Surfaces Gauges 44
2.1.2 Downhole Gauges 45
2.1.3 Surface Flowmeters 46
2.2 Control Technology by Field Types 60
2.2.1 General Control Technologies 60
2.2.2 Mature Assets 63
2.2.3 Deepwater Platforms and Floating Production Storage and Offloading 63
2.2.4 Unconventional Assets 64
2.3 Data Gathering and SCADA Architecture 65
2.3.1 Well-Location Data Gathering and Telemetry 65
2.3.2 Field Control Devices 66
2.3.3 SCADA and Distributed Control System 67
2.4 Special Note on Cybersecurity 68
2.4.1 An Overview of Cyber-Attacks in O&G Companies 68
2.4.2 Cybersecurity Challenges in DOF Systems 69
2.4.3 The Actors, Their Motivation, and Kinds of Attacks 70
2.4.4 Addressing Cybersecurity Challenges 73
2.4.5 The Future on Cybersecurity 73
Acknowledgments 73
References 74
Further Reading 74

One primary reason for the recent proliferation of DOF systems is the pro-
liferation of DOF infrastructure. As instrumentation, well control systems
and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) have advanced
and become less expensive, and therefore they are applied more broadly
throughout the oil field. As they become more broadly applied, then more
data and control is available to use in surveillance, automation, and optimi-
zation activities, which are the hallmark of DOF systems.
Chapter 1, Section 1.5.1 presents the elements of the architecture of
instrumentation, remote sensing, and telemetry of real-time processes

Intelligent Digital Oil and Gas Fields © 2018 Elsevier Inc. 43
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804642-5.00002-5 All rights reserved.