Page 73 - Intelligent Digital Oil And Gas Fields

44 Intelligent Digital Oil and Gas Fields

(Fig. 1.7), and Section 1.5.2 presents data management and data transmission
(Fig. 1.8) for SCADA systems. This chapter presents the details of the prev-
ailing trends for well instrumentation, wellhead control, and SCADA sys-
tems. It first presents some general trends in each category and is further
organized into how these systems are being applied in different asset types.
The chapter investigates mature fields, deepwater platforms and floating
production storage and offloading (FPSO) systems, and unconventional
assets. Although DOF systems are being applied across all oil field
activities—from geology and reservoir to drilling, to completions, and
finally production—this chapter focuses on production.
Although there are very interesting advances in the areas of database and
enterprise IT—for example, data lakes, in-memory data architectures, and
open-system analytics to name a few—those technologies are discussed in
Chapter 4. In addition, the unique hardware for safety shutdown systems
is not presented here. Instead, the hardware and software from the instru-
ments through data historians are discussed. The asset control network dis-
cussed here includes field instrumentation, field control devices, telemetry,
SCADA systems, and data historians.
Engineers and operators engaged in companies implementing DOF sys-
tems have become very familiar with the growth of these systems in oil field
operations and are conversant with data-driven production tools. With the
concomitant growth of Big Data (Chapter 4)and mobile systems(Chapter 8),
field operators and engineers can connect to the field sensor and control sys-
tems from multiple systems, for example, networked computers, tablets,
phones, etc. from any location to make near real-time decisions.

2.1 INSTRUMENTATIONS FOR MEASUREMENT:
GAUGES AND FLOWMETERS

The most important aspect in any DOF systems and automated
workflows is to be able to measure well performance in real time. Pressure
and temperature gauges and flowmeter and pump measurements are crucial
for DOF workflows.

2.1.1 Surfaces Gauges
The most important real-time measurements are surface pressure and tem-
perature. Fig. 2.1 shows a complete set of surface gauges, sensors, and devices
useful for DOF operations.