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Knowledge Management Models 91

MEASUREMENT

Tacit knowledge Explicit knowledge

Socialization Externalization

Internalization Combination

LEADERSHIP

TECHNOLOGY CULTURE

Figure 3.13
Overview of the inukshuk KM model

validate these enablers. The name inukshuk is derived from the human-shaped fi gures
built by piling stones on one another by the Inuit in the northern part of Canada to
serve as navigational aids. There were three main reasons for choosing this symbol to
represent KM: it is well-recognized in Canada, it emphasizes the key role played by
people in KM, and while all inukshuks are similar they are not identical, refl ecting the
variations in KM implemented in different organizations. Figure 3.13 depicts the
major components of the inukshuk KM model.
The process element is directly derived from the SECI model ( Nonaka and Takeuchi
1995 ). Technology and culture represent critical structural elements that help main-
tain the integrity of the fi gure. Measurement and leadership are placed at the very top
to represent the importance of the overarching functions of measuring the impact of
KM and providing leadership and support for its implementation. This last model is
a good note to end on, as it represents a good aggregation of the key elements from
most KM models. While there remains diversity in terms of KM models, the major
components are beginning to gain more consensus and acceptance. Few KM research-
ers and practitioners would argue against including KM measurement, leadership,
technology, culture, and process in a solid KM model.