Page 221 - Materials Chemistry, Second Edition
P. 221
Life-Cycle Assessment of Wind Energy 209
Crawford RH (2009) Life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions analysis of wind tur-bines and
the effect of size on energy yield. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13(9):2653–2660
Frischknecht R, Rebitzer G (2005) The ecoinvent database system: a comprehensive web-based
LCA database. J Cleaner Prod 13(13–14):1337–1343
Frischknecht R, Jungbluth N, Althaus H-J, Doka G, Dones R, Heck T et al (2005) The ecoinvent
database: overview and methodological framework. Int J Life Cycle Assess 10(1):3–9
Góralczyk M (2003) Life-cycle assessment in the renewable energy sector. Appl Energy
75(3–4):205–211
Guinée JB, Gorree M, Heijungs R, Huppes G, Kleijn R, van Oers L, Wegener Sleeswijk A, Suh S,
Udo de Haes HA, de Bruijn JA, van Duin R, Huijbregts MAJ (2001) Life cycle assessment: an
operational guide to the ISO standards. Kluwer, Amsterdam
Gürzenich D, Methur J, Bansal NK, Wagner H-J (1999) Cumulative energy demand for selected
renewable energy technologies. Int J Life Cycle Assess 4(3):143–149
Haack BN (1981) Net energy analysis of small wind energy conversion systems. Appl Energy
9:193–200
ISO (2006a) ISO 14040: environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and
framework. International Standard Organization, Geneva
ISO (2006b) ISO 14044: environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and
guidelines. International Standard Organization, Geneva
Krohn S (1997) The energy balance of modem wind turbines. Wind Power Note 16:1–16
Lenzen M, Munksgaard J (2002) Energy and CO 2 life-cycle analyses of wind turbines-review and
applications. Renew Energy 26(3):339–362
Lenzen M, Wachsmann U (2004) Wind turbines in Brazil and Germany: an example of
geographical variability in life-cycle assessment. Appl Energy 77(2):119–130
Martínez E, Sanz F, Pellegrini S, Jiménez E, Blanco J (2009) Life-cycle assessment of a 2-MW
rated power wind turbine: CML method. Int J Life Cycle Assess 14(1):52–63
Nadal G (1998) Life cycle direct and indirect pollution associated with PV and wind energy
systems. SC de Bariloche, Argentina: Fundación Bariloche, Av 12 de Octobre 1915, CC 138
Rivkin DA, Toomey K, Silk VL (2012) Wind turbine technology and design. The art and science
of windpower. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Burlington
Schleisner L (2000) Life cycle assessment of a wind farm and related externalities. Renew
Energy 20:279–288
Tryfonidou R, Wagner H-J (2004) Multi-megawatt wind turbines for offshore use: aspects of life
cycle assessment. Int J Global Energy Issues 21(3):255–262
Uchiyama Y (1995) Life cycle analysis of electricity generation and supply systems. In:
Electricity, health and the environment: comparative assessment in support of decision
making, IAEA-SM-338/33, Vienna, Austria
Uchiyama Y (1996) Life cycle analysis of photovoltaic cell and wind power plants. In:
Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the full energy chain of solar and wind power
and other energy sources, IAEA Working material, Vienna (Austria)
Weinzettel J, Reenaas M, Solli C, Hertwich EG (2009) Life cycle assessment of a floating
offshore wind turbine. Renew Energy 34(3):742–747
Wiese A, Kaltschmitt M (1996) Comparison of wind energy technologies with other electricity
generation systems—a life-cycle analysis. In: European Union wind energy conference.
Stephens & Associates, Bedford (UK)