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Glossary 609

computer virus Rogue software program that attaches itself to cybervandalism Intentional disruption, defacement, or destruction
other software programs or data files in order to be executed, of a Web site or corporate information system.
often causing hardware and software malfunctions.
computer vision syndrome (CVS) Eyestrain condition related to cyberwarfare State-sponsored activity designed to cripple and
computer display screen use; symptoms include headaches, defeat another state or nation by damaging or disrupting its
blurred vision, and dry and irritated eyes. computers or networks.
computer-aided design (CAD) Information system that
automates the creation and revision of designs using data Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in
sophisticated graphics software. organizations or the physical environment before they have been
computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Automation of organized and arranged into a form that people can understand
step-by-step methodologies for software and systems and use.
development to reduce the amounts of repetitive work the data administration A special organizational function for
developer needs to do. managing the organization’s data resources, concerned with
consumer-to-consumer (C2C) electronic commerce Consumers information policy, data planning, maintenance of data
selling goods and services electronically to other consumers. dictionaries, and data quality standards.
consumerization of IT New information technology originating in data cleansing Activities for detecting and correcting data in a
the consumer market that spreads to business organizations. database or file that are incorrect, incomplete, improperly
controls All of the methods, policies, and procedures that ensure formatted, or redundant. Also known as data scrubbing.
protection of the organization’s assets, accuracy and reliability of data definition DBMS capability that specifies the structure and
its records, and operational adherence to management standards. content of the database.
conversion The process of changing from the old system to the data dictionary An automated or manual tool for storing and
new system. organizing information about the data maintained in a database.
cookies Tiny file deposited on a computer hard drive when an data element A field.
individual visits certain Web sites. Used to identify the visitor and data flow diagram (DFD) Primary tool for structured analysis
track visits to the Web site. that graphically illustrates a system’s component process and the
cooptation Bringing the opposition into the process of designing flow of data between them.
and implementing a solution without giving up control of the data governance Policies and processes for managing the
direction and nature of the change. availability, usability, integrity, and security of the firm’s data.
copyright A statutory grant that protects creators of intellectual data inconsistency The presence of different values for same
property against copying by others for any purpose for a attribute when the same data are stored in multiple locations.
minimum of 70 years. data management technology Software governing the
core competency Activity at which a firm excels as a world-class organization of data on physical storage media.
leader. data manipulation language A language associated with a
core systems Systems that support functions that are absolutely database management system that end users and programmers
critical to the organization. use to manipulate data in the database.
cost transparency the ability of consumers to discover the actual data mart A small data warehouse containing only a portion of the
costs merchants pay for products. organization’s data for a specified function or population of users.
counterimplementation A deliberate strategy to thwart the data mining Analysis of large pools of data to find patterns and
implementation of an information system or an innovation in an rules that can be used to guide decision making and predict
organization. future behavior.
cross-selling Marketing complementary products to customers. data quality audit A survey and/or sample of files to determine
crowdsourcing Using large Internet audiences for advice, market accuracy and completeness of data in an information system.
feedback, new ideas and solutions to business problems. Related data redundancy The presence of duplicate data in multiple data
to the 'wisdom of crowds' theory. files.
culture The set of fundamental assumptions about what products data visualization Technology for helping users see patterns and
the organization should produce, how and where it should relationships in large amounts of data by presenting the data in
produce them, and for whom they should be produced. graphical form.
customer lifetime value (CLTV) Difference between revenues data warehouse A database, with reporting and query tools, that
produced by a specific customer and the expenses for acquiring stores current and historical data extracted from various
and servicing that customer minus the cost of promotional operational systems and consolidated for management reporting
marketing over the lifetime of the customer relationship, and analysis.
expressed in today’s dollars. data workers People such as secretaries or bookkeepers who
customer relationship management (CRM) Business and process the organization’s paperwork.
technology discipline that uses information systems to coordinate database A group of related files.
all of the business processes surrounding the firm’s interactions database (rigorous definition) A collection of data organized to
with its customers in sales, marketing, and service. service many applications at the same time by storing and
customer relationship management systems Information managing data so that they appear to be in one location.
systems that track all the ways in which a company interacts database administration Refers to the more technical and
with its customers and analyze these interactions to optimize operational aspects of managing data, including physical database
revenue, profitability, customer satisfaction, and customer design and maintenance.
retention. database management system (DBMS) Special software to
customization The modification of a software package to meet an create and maintain a database and enable individual business
organization’s unique requirements without destroying the applications to extract the data they need without having to
package software’s integrity. create separate files or data definitions in their computer
customization In e-commerce, changing a delivered product or programs.
service based on a user’s preferences or prior behavior. database server A computer in a client/server environment that is
cyberlocker Online file-sharing service that allows users to upload responsible for running a DBMS to process SQL statements and
files to a secure online storage site from which the files can be perform database management tasks.
synchronized and shared with others.

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