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612 Glossary

high-availability computing Tools and technologies ,including information systems managers Leaders of the various specialists
backup hardware resources, to enable a system to recover quickly in the information systems department.
from a crash. information systems plan A road map indicating the direction of
HIPAA Law outlining rules for medical security, privacy, and the systems development: the rationale, the current situation, the
management of health care records. management strategy, the implementation plan, and the budget.
hotspot A specific geographic location in which an access point information technology (IT) All the hardware and software
provides public Wi-Fi network service. technologies a firm needs to achieve its business objectives.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) Page description information technology (IT) infrastructure Computer
language for creating Web pages. hardware, software, data, storage technology, and networks
HTML5 Next evolution of HTML, which will make it possible to providing a portfolio of shared IT resources for the organization.
embed images, video, and audio directly into a document without informational roles Mintzberg’s classification for managerial roles
add-on software. where managers act as the nerve centers of their organizations,
hubs Very simple devices that connect network components, receiving and disseminating critical information.
sending a packet of data to all other connected devices. informed consent Consent given with knowledge of all the facts
hybrid AI systems Integration of multiple AI technologies into a needed to make a rational decision.
single application to take advantage of the best features of these input The capture or collection of raw data from within the
technologies. organization or from its external environment for processing in
hybrid cloud Computing model where firms use both their own IT an information system.
infrastructure and also public cloud computing services. instant messaging Chat service that allows participants to create
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) The communications their own private chat channels so that a person can be alerted
standard used to transfer pages on the Web. Defines how whenever someone on his or her private list is on-line to initiate
messages are formatted and transmitted. a chat session with that particular individual.
intangible benefits Benefits that are not easily quantified; they
identity management Business processes and software tools for include more efficient customer service or enhanced decision
identifying the valid users of a system and controlling their making.
access to system resources. intellectual property Intangible property created by individuals
identity theft Theft of key pieces of personal information, such as or corporations that is subject to protections under trade secret,
credit card or Social Security numbers, in order to obtain copyright, and patent law.
merchandise and services in the name of the victim or to obtain intelligence The first of Simon’s four stages of decision making,
false credentials. when the individual collects information to identify problems
Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative A principle that occurring in the organization.
states that if an action is not right for everyone to take it is not intelligent agent Software program that uses a built-in or learned
right for anyone. knowledge base to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable
implementation All the organizational activities surrounding tasks for an individual user, business process, or software
the adoption, management, and routinization of an application.
innovation, such as a new information system. intelligent techniques Technologies that aid human decision
in-memory computing Technology for very rapid analysis and makers by capturing individual and collective knowledge,
processing of large quantities of data by storing the data in the discovering patterns and behaviors in large quantities of data,
computer’s main memory rather than in secondary storage. and generating solutions to problems that are too large and
inference engine The strategy used to search through the rule complex for human beings to solve on their own.
base in an expert system; can be forward or backward chaining. internal integration tools Project management technique that
information Data that have been shaped into a form that is ensures that the implementation team operates as a cohesive
meaningful and useful to human beings. unit.
information asymmetry Situation where the relative bargaining international information systems architecture The basic
power of two parties in a transaction is determined by one party information systems required by organizations to coordinate
in the transaction possessing more information essential to the worldwide trade and other activities.
transaction than the other party. Internet Global network of networks using universal standards to
information density The total amount and quality of information connect millions of different networks.
available to all market participants, consumers, and merchants. Internet Protocol (IP) address Four-part numeric address
information policy Formal rules governing the maintenance, indicating a unique computer location on the Internet.
distribution, and use of information in an organization. Internet Service Provider (ISP) A commercial organization with
information requirements A detailed statement of the a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary
information needs that a new system must satisfy; identifies who connections to subscribers.
needs what information, and when, where, and how the Internet2 Research network with new protocols and transmission
information is needed. speeds that provides an infrastructure for supporting high-
information rights The rights that individuals and organizations bandwidth Internet applications.
have with respect to information that pertains to themselves. interorganizational systems Information systems that automate
information system Interrelated components working together to the flow of information across organizational boundaries and link
collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support a company to its customers, distributors, or suppliers.
decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and interpersonal roles Mintzberg’s classification for managerial roles
visualization in an organization. where managers act as figureheads and leaders for the
information systems department The formal organizational organization.
unit that is responsible for the information systems function in intranet An internal network based on Internet and World Wide
the organization. Web technology and standards.
information systems literacy Broad-based understanding of intrusion detection system Tools to monitor the most vulnerable
information systems that includes behavioral knowledge about points in a network to detect and deter unauthorized intruders.
organizations and individuals using information systems as well investment workstation Powerful desktop computer for financial
as technical knowledge about computers. specialists, which is optimized to access and manipulate massive
amounts of financial data.

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