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iOS Operating system for the Apple iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch. limited distance, usually one building or several buildings in
IPv6 New IP addressing system using 128-bit IP addresses. Stands close proximity.
for Internet Protocol version 6. location-based services GPS map services available on
IT governance Strategy and policies for using information smartphones.
technology within an organization, specifying the decision rights long tail marketing Refers to the ability of firms to profitably
and accountabilities to ensure that information technology market goods to very small online audiences, largely because of
supports the organization's strategies and objectives. the lower costs of reaching very small market segements (people
iterative A process of repeating over and over again the steps to who fall into the long tail ends of a Bell curve).
build a system.
machine learning Study of how computer programs can
Java Programming language that can deliver only the software improve their performance without explicit programming.
functionality needed for a particular task, such as a small applet mainframe Largest category of computer, used for major business
downloaded from a network; can run on any computer and processing.
operating system. maintenance Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or
Joint Application Design (JAD) Process to accelerate the procedures to a production system to correct errors, meet new
generation of information requirements by having end users and requirements, or improve processing efficiency.
information systems specialists work together in intensive malware Malicious software programs such as computer viruses,
interactive design sessions. worms, and Trojan horses.
just-in-time Scheduling system for minimizing inventory by having managed security service provider (MSSP) Company that
components arrive exactly at the moment they are needed and provides security management services for subscribing clients.
finished goods shipped as soon as they leave the assembly line. management information systems (MIS) Specific category of
information system providing reports on organizational
key field A field in a record that uniquely identifies instances of performance to help middle management monitor and
that record so that it can be retrieved, updated, or sorted. control the business.
key performance indicators Measures proposed by senior managerial roles Expectations of the activities that managers
management for understanding how well the firm is performing should perform in an organization.
along specified dimensions. market creator An e-commerce business model in which firms
keylogger Spyware that records every keystroke made on a provide a digital online environment where buyers and sellers
computer to steal personal information or passwords or to launch can meet, search for products, and engage in transactions.
Internet attacks. market entry costs The cost merchants must pay to bring their
knowledge Concepts, experience, and insight that provide a goods to market.
framework for creating, evaluating, and using information. marketspace A marketplace extended beyond traditional
knowledge base Model of human knowledge that is used by expert boundaries and removed from a temporal and geographic
systems. location.
knowledge discovery Identification of novel and valuable patterns mashups Composite software applications that depend on
in large databases. high-speed networks, universal communication standards, and
knowledge management The set of processes developed in an open-source code.
organization to create, gather, store, maintain, and disseminate mass customization The capacity to offer individually tailored
the firm’s knowledge. products or services using mass production resources..
knowledge management systems Systems that support the menu costs Merchants’ costs of changing prices.
creation, capture, storage, and dissemination of firm expertise metric A standard measurement of performance.
and knowledge. metropolitan area network (MAN) Network that spans a
knowledge network system Online directory for locating metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs. Its
corporate experts in well-defined knowledge domains. geographic scope falls between a WAN and a LAN.
knowledge workers People such as engineers or architects who microblogging Blogging featuring very short posts, such as using
design products or services and create knowledge for the Twitter.
organization. micropayment Payment for a very small sum of money, often less
knowledge work systems Information systems that aid than $10.
knowledge workers in the creation and integration of new middle management People in the middle of the organizational
knowledge into the organization. hierarchy who are responsible for carrying out the plans and
goals of senior management.
learning management system (LMS) Tools for the minicomputer Middle-range computer used in systems for
management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types universities, factories, or research laboratories.
of employee learning. MIS audit Identifies all the controls that govern individual
legacy system A system that has been in existence for a long time information systems and assesses their effectiveness.
and that continues to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing mobile commerce (m-commerce) The use of wireless devices,
or redesigning it. such as cell phones or handheld digital information appliances, to
legitimacy The extent to which one’s authority is accepted on conduct both business-to-consumer and business-to-business
grounds of competence, vision, or other qualities. Making e-commerce transactions over the Internet.
judgments and taking actions on the basis of narrow or personal modem A device for translating a computer’s digital signals into
characteristics. analog form for transmission over ordinary telephone lines, or for
liability The existence of laws that permit individuals to recover the translating analog signals back into digital form for reception by a
damages done to them by other actors, systems, or organizations. computer.
Linux Reliable and compactly designed operating system that is an Moore’s Law Assertion that the number of components on a chip
offshoot of UNIX and that can run on many different hardware doubles each year
platforms and is available free or at very low cost. Used as multicore processor Integrated circuit to which two or more
alternative to UNIX and Windows NT. processors have been attached for enhanced performance,
local area network (LAN) A telecommunications network that reduced power consumption and more efficient simultaneous
requires its own dedicated channels and that encompasses a processing of multiple tasks.

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