Page 56 - 04. Subyek Engineering Materials - Manufacturing, Engineering and Technology SI 6th Edition - Serope Kalpakjian, Stephen Schmid (2009)

General Introduction

TABLE l.1
Approximate Relative Houriy Compensation for Workers in Manufacturing in
2006 (United States = I00)

Norway 154 Italy 96
Germany 137 Japan 81
Denmark 127 Spain 73
Austria 122 Korea (South) 56
Belgium 121 New Zealand 54
Switzerland 1 1 9 Israel 48
Netherlands 1 1 8 Singapore 45
Finland 117 Portugal 32
Sweden 1 14 Czech Republic 27
France, United Kingdom 112 Argentina, Slovakia 22
Ireland 103 Poland 21
United States, Australia 100 Mexico 12
Canada 97 China, Philippines 5

Note: Compensation can vary significantly with benefits. Source: U.S. Department of Labor.

General Trends in Manufacturing
l.| I

Following are some general trends that have been observed regarding various as-
pects of manufacturing today:
Global manufacturing trends

I. Product variety and complexity continue to increase.
2. Product life cycles are becoming shorter.
3. Markets have become multinational and global competition has been increas-
ing rapidly.
4. Market conditions fluctuate widely.
5. Customers are consistently demanding high-quality, low-cost products and on-
time delivery.

Materials
6. Material composition, purity, and defects (impurities, inclusions, and flaws)
are coming under more control in order to further enhance overall properties,
manufacturing characteristics, reliability, and service life.
7. Developments have occurred in the selection of materials for improved recy-
clability.
8. Developments continue in nanomaterials, nanopowders, composites, super-
conductors, semiconductors, amorphous alloys, shape-memory alloys (smart
materials), tool and die materials, and coatings.
9. Testing methods and equipment, including the use of advanced computers and
software, particularly for ceramics, carbides, and composite materials, are
continually being improved.
I0. Increasing control over the thermal treatment of materials is resulting in more
predictable and reliable properties.