Page 43 - Mechanical Engineers' Handbook (Volume 2)

Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Instrumentation, Systems, Controls, and MEMS, Volume 2, Third Edition.

Edited by Myer Kutz

Copyright  2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

CHAPTER 2
INPUT AND OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Adam C. Bell
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
1 INTRODUCTION 32 4.6 Fatigue in Bolted Assemblies 52
4.7 Operating Point for Nonlinear
2 FAMILIAR EXAMPLES OF Characteristics 52
INPUT–OUTPUT INTERACTIONS 34 4.8 Graphical Determination of
2.1 Power Exchange 34 Output Impedance for
2.2 Energy Exchange 35 Nonlinear Systems 54
2.3 A Human Example 36
5 TRANSFORMING THE
3 ENERGY, POWER, IMPEDANCE 37 OPERATING POINT 57
3.1 Definitions and Analogies 37 5.1 Transducer-Matched
3.2 Impedance and Admittance 38 Impedances 57
3.3 Combining Impedances 5.2 Impedance Requirements for
and/or Admittances 39 Mixed Systems 58
3.4 Computing Impedance or
Admittance at an Input or 6 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 60
Output 40 6.1 Interaction in Instrument
3.5 Transforming or Gyrating Systems 61
Impedances 41 6.2 Dynamic Interactions in
´
3.6 Source Equivalents: Thevenin Instrument Systems 63
and Norton 44 6.3 Null Instruments 65
4 OPERATING POINT OF 7 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS IN
STATIC SYSTEMS 45 BRIEF 66
4.1 Exchange of Real Power 45 7.1 Impedance of a
4.2 Operating Points in an Distributed System 67
Exchange of Power or Energy 46
4.3 Input and Output Impedance 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 67
at the Operating Point 48
4.4 Operating Point and Load for REFERENCES 68
Maximum Transfer of Power 48
4.5 An Unstable Energy
Exchange: Tension-Testing
Machine 50

1 INTRODUCTION
Everyone is familiar with the interaction of devices connected to form a system, although
they may not think of their observations in those terms. Familiar examples include the
following:

Reprinted from Instrumentation and Control, Wiley, New York, 1990, by permission of the publisher.

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