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4. Microtransduction: actuation and sensing                      251
























































          Figure 4.58 Generic multimorph beam: (a) side view with undeformed geometry; (b) close-
                                      up of bent  segment

          Equation (4.159) can be rewritten as:







          By successively applying Eq.  (4.161), the force on  a particular  layer can  be
          expressed in terms of the force on the previous layer, which, in turn, depends
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