Page 8 - Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-Use

Contents

Preface ix

Contributors xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 1. I Water reuse motivations and barriers 2
1.2 Industrial water 4
1.3 Membrane technology 7

Chapter 2 Membrane technology
2.1 The membrane 14
2. I. 1 Membrane and membrane process definition 14
2. I .2 Membrane structure 14
2. I. 3 Membrane materials and their manufacture 17
2.1.4 Membrane configurations 23
2.2 The process fundamentals 32
2.2.1 Process performance definitions 32
2.2.2 The driving force 34
2.2.3 Factors opposing the driving force 34
2.2.4 Critical flux 39
2.3 The theory 40
2.3.1 Membrane mass transfer control 41
2.3.2 Fouling/cake layer mass transfer control 43
2.4 Process design and operation 52
2.4.1 Staging 52
2.4.2 Specific energy demand 55
2.4.3 Fouling and pretreatment 59
2.4.4 Backwashing and cleaning 66
References 70