Page 96 - Microaggressions in Everyday Live Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation

70 the microaggression process model

While there is considerable overlap and commonality, Asian American
microaggressions with the following themes have been found to be directed
toward them (Sue, Bucceri, Lin, Nadal, & Torino, 2007):

• Alien in one ’ s own land
• Ascription of intelligence
• Denial of racial reality
• Exoticization of Asian American women
• Invalidation of interethnic differences
• Pathologizing cultural values/communication styles
• Second - class citizenship
• Invisibility

For women, it has been proposed that the following microaggressive
themes are quite common (Nadal, in press; Sue & Capodilupo, 2008):

• Sexual objectifi cation
• Second - class citizenship
• Use of sexist language
• Assumption of inferiority
• Restrictive gender roles
• Denial of the reality of sexism
• Denial of individual sexism
• Invisibility
• Sexist humor jokes

For LGBT people, it has been proposed that the following microaggressive
themes are common (Nadal, Rivera, & Corpus, in press; Sue & Capodilupo,
2008):

• Oversexualization
• Homophobia
• Heterosexist language/terminology
• Sinfulness
• Assumption of abnormality
• Denial of individual heterosexism
• Endorsement of heteronormative culture and behaviors

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