Page 7 - Modern Analytical Chemistry

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vi Modern Analytical Chemistry

Chapter 8 9B.7 Characterization Applications 309
9B.8 Evaluation of Acid–Base Titrimetry 311
Gravimetric Methods of Analysis 232 9C Titrations Based on Complexation Reactions 314

9C.1 Chemistry and Properties of EDTA 315
8A Overview of Gravimetry 233
9C.2 Complexometric EDTA Titration Curves 317
8A.1 Using Mass as a Signal 233
9C.3 Selecting and Evaluating the End Point 322
8A.2 Types of Gravimetric Methods 234
9C.4 Representative Method 324
8A.3 Conservation of Mass 234
9C.5 Quantitative Applications 327
8A.4 Why Gravimetry Is Important 235
9C.6 Evaluation of Complexation Titrimetry 331
8B Precipitation Gravimetry 235
9D Titrations Based on Redox Reactions 331
8B.1 Theory and Practice 235
9D.1 Redox Titration Curves 332
8B.2 Quantitative Applications 247
9D.2 Selecting and Evaluating the End Point 337
8B.3 Qualitative Applications 254
9D.3 Representative Method 340
8B.4 Evaluating Precipitation Gravimetry 254
9D.4 Quantitative Applications 341
8C Volatilization Gravimetry 255
9D.5 Evaluation of Redox Titrimetry 350
8C.1 Theory and Practice 255
9E Precipitation Titrations 350
8C.2 Quantitative Applications 259
9E.1 Titration Curves 350
8C.3 Evaluating Volatilization Gravimetry 262
9E.2 Selecting and Evaluating the End Point 354
8D Particulate Gravimetry 262
9E.3 Quantitative Applications 354
8D.1 Theory and Practice 263
9E.4 Evaluation of Precipitation Titrimetry 357
8D.2 Quantitative Applications 264
9F Key Terms 357
8D.3 Evaluating Precipitation Gravimetry 265
9G Summary 357
8E Key Terms 265
9H Suggested Experiments 358
8F Summary 266
9I Problems 360
8G Suggested Experiments 266
9J Suggested Readings 366
8H Problems 267
9K References 367
8I Suggested Readings 271
8J References 272 Chapter 10
Chapter 9 Spectroscopic Methods
of Analysis 368
Titrimetric Methods of Analysis 273
10A Overview of Spectroscopy 369
9A Overview of Titrimetry 274
10A.1 What Is Electromagnetic Radiation 369
9A.1 Equivalence Points and End Points 274
10A.2 Measuring Photons as a Signal 372
9A.2 Volume as a Signal 274
10B Basic Components of Spectroscopic
9A.3 Titration Curves 275
Instrumentation 374
9A.4 The Buret 277
10B.1 Sources of Energy 375
9B Titrations Based on Acid–Base Reactions 278
10B.2 Wavelength Selection 376
9B.1 Acid–Base Titration Curves 279
10B.3 Detectors 379
9B.2 Selecting and Evaluating the
10B.4 Signal Processors 380
End Point 287
10C Spectroscopy Based on Absorption 380
9B.3 Titrations in Nonaqueous Solvents 295
10C.1 Absorbance of Electromagnetic Radiation 380
9B.4 Representative Method 296
10C.2 Transmittance and Absorbance 384
9B.5 Quantitative Applications 298
10C.3 Absorbance and Concentration: Beer’s
9B.6 Qualitative Applications 308
Law 385