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viii Modern Analytical Chemistry
12B.5 Peak Capacity 554 12O Suggested Readings 620
12B.6 Nonideal Behavior 555 12P References 620
12C Optimizing Chromatographic Separations 556 3
12C.1 Using the Capacity Factor to Optimize Chapter 1
Resolution 556
Kinetic Methods of Analysis 622
12C.2 Using Column Selectivity to Optimize
Resolution 558 13A Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics 623
12C.3 Using Column Efficiency to Optimize 13A.1 Theory and Practice 624
Resolution 559
13A.2 Instrumentation 634
12D Gas Chromatography 563
13A.3 Quantitative Applications 636
12D.1 Mobile Phase 563
13A.4 Characterization Applications 638
12D.2 Chromatographic Columns 564
13A.5 Evaluation of Chemical Kinetic
12D.3 Stationary Phases 565 Methods 639
12D.4 Sample Introduction 567 13B Radiochemical Methods of Analysis 642
12D.5 Temperature Control 568 13B.1 Theory and Practice 643
12D.6 Detectors for Gas Chromatography 569 13B.2 Instrumentation 643
12D.7 Quantitative Applications 571 13B.3 Quantitative Applications 644
12D.8 Qualitative Applications 575 13B.4 Characterization Applications 647
12D.9 Representative Method 576 13B.5 Evaluation 648
12D.10 Evaluation 577 13C Flow Injection Analysis 649
12E High-Performance Liquid 13C.1 Theory and Practice 649
Chromatography 578
13C.2 Instrumentation 651
12E.1 HPLC Columns 578
13C.3 Quantitative Applications 655
12E.2 Stationary Phases 579
13C.4 Evaluation 658
12E.3 Mobile Phases 580
13D Key Terms 658
12E.4 HPLC Plumbing 583
13E Summary 659
12E.5 Sample Introduction 584
13F Suggested Experiments 659
12E.6 Detectors for HPLC 584
13G Problems 661
12E.7 Quantitative Applications 586
13H Suggested Readings 664
12E.8 Representative Method 588
13I References 665
12E.9 Evaluation 589
12F Liquid–Solid Adsorption Chromatography 590 Chapter 1 4
12G Ion-Exchange Chromatography 590
Developing a Standard Method 666
12H Size-Exclusion Chromatography 593
12I Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 596
14A Optimizing the Experimental Procedure 667
12J Electrophoresis 597
14A.1 Response Surfaces 667
12J.1 Theory of Capillary Electrophoresis 598
14A.2 Searching Algorithms for Response
12J.2 Instrumentation 601 Surfaces 668
12J.3 Capillary Electrophoresis Methods 604 14A.3 Mathematical Models of Response
12J.4 Representative Method 607 Surfaces 674
12J.5 Evaluation 609 14B Verifying the Method 683
12K Key Terms 609 14B.1 Single-Operator Characteristics 683
12L Summary 610 14B.2 Blind Analysis of Standard Samples 683
12M Suggested Experiments 610 14B.3 Ruggedness Testing 684
12N Problems 615 14B.4 Equivalency Testing 687
