Page 8 - Modern Analytical Chemistry

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Contents vii

10C.4 Beer’s Law and Multicomponent 11B Potentiometric Methods of Analysis 465
Samples 386 11B.1 Potentiometric Measurements 466
10C.5 Limitations to Beer’s Law 386 11B.2 Reference Electrodes 471
10D Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared 11B.3 Metallic Indicator Electrodes 473
Spectrophotometry 388
11B.4 Membrane Electrodes 475
10D.1 Instrumentation 388
11B.5 Quantitative Applications 485
10D.2 Quantitative Applications 394
11B.6 Evaluation 494
10D.3 Qualitative Applications 402
11C Coulometric Methods of Analysis 496
10D.4 Characterization Applications 403
11C.1 Controlled-Potential Coulometry 497
10D.5 Evaluation 409
11C.2 Controlled-Current Coulometry 499
10E Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 412
11C.3 Quantitative Applications 501
10E.1 Instrumentation 412
11C.4 Characterization Applications 506
10E.2 Quantitative Applications 415
11C.5 Evaluation 507
10E.3 Evaluation 422
11D Voltammetric Methods of Analysis 508
10F Spectroscopy Based on Emission 423
11D.1 Voltammetric Measurements 509
10G Molecular Photoluminescence
11D.2 Current in Voltammetry 510
Spectroscopy 423
11D.3 Shape of Voltammograms 513
10G.1 Molecular Fluorescence and
11D.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects
Phosphorescence Spectra 424
of Voltammetry 514
10G.2 Instrumentation 427
11D.5 Voltammetric Techniques 515
10G.3 Quantitative Applications Using Molecular
11D.6 Quantitative Applications 520
Luminescence 429
11D.7 Characterization Applications 527
10G.4 Evaluation 432
11D.8 Evaluation 531
10H Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 434
11E Key Terms 532
10H.1 Atomic Emission Spectra 434
11F Summary 532
10H.2 Equipment 435
11G Suggested Experiments 533
10H.3 Quantitative Applications 437
11H Problems 535
10H.4 Evaluation 440
11I Suggested Readings 540
10I Spectroscopy Based on Scattering 441
11J References 541
10I.1 Origin of Scattering 441
Chapter 12
10I.2 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry 441
10J Key Terms 446
10K Summary 446 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic
Methods 543
10L Suggested Experiments 447
10M Problems 450 12A Overview of Analytical Separations 544
10N Suggested Readings 458 12A.1 The Problem with Simple
10O References 459 Separations 544
12A.2 A Better Way to Separate Mixtures 544
Chapter 11 12A.3 Classifying Analytical Separations 546
12B General Theory of Column
Electrochemical Methods of Analysis 461
Chromatography 547
11A Classification of Electrochemical Methods 462 12B.1 Chromatographic Resolution 549
11A.1 Interfacial Electrochemical Methods 462 12B.2 Capacity Factor 550
11A.2 Controlling and Measuring Current and 12B.3 Column Selectivity 552
Potential 462 12B.4 Column Efficiency 552