Page 85 - New Trends In Coal Conversion

Current status of CO 2 capture from coal facilities 51

H 2 and CO produced by steam methane reforming. The carbon capture facility uses an
amine-based solvent (BASF’s OASE® white technology) to capture 90% of the CO 2
produced (0.8 Mt/y). The CO 2 product is compressed, dehydrated, and pumped
through a 50 km pipeline for injection into an Abu Dhabi national oil company
onshore oil field for EOR.
Although the steel industry in Japan is the world’s top level efficiency, its CO 2
emissions still account for 15% of the total. The Japan Iron and Steel Federation under
the project COURSE 50 aims to develop advanced technologies to reduce CO 2 emis-
sions by 30%, to establish them by 2030, and to industrialize and transfer them by
2050. A double approach is pursued: (1) 10% mitigation is expected to be achieved
through the reduction of iron ore with reformed coke oven gas and (2) 20% by CO 2
capture from blast furnace gas (BFG) using chemical absorption and physical adsorp-
tion methods and unused waste heat (Tonomura et al., 2016). The project is developing
advanced technologies to exploit unused waste heat to capture CO 2 . Advanced sol-
vents, tested with real BFG at pilot plants CAT1, of 1 t/d, and CAT30, of 30 t/d,
have shown reduced regeneration energies of 2.5 GJ/t for over 2,000 h operation in
2011 at 90% capture rate (Tonomura, 2013). The advanced separation system by car-
bon oxide adsorption (ASCOA) has been evaluated in a small pilot-scale plant,
ASCOA-3, with a CO 2 recovery capacity of 3 t/d at JFE Steel’s West Japan Works
in Fukuyama, Japan. The BFG is pressurized, cooled, and dehumidified using silica

and alumina gel to a dew point of 60 C. The dry gas is then compressed to

0.15e0.3 MPa, cooled down to 10 C, and fed to a PSA unit that uses a zeolite
(zeolum F9) as adsorbent. The technology has been validated with CO 2 recoveries
up to 6.3 t/d with a cost of 63% of the original recovery cost (Saima et al., 2013a)
and an associated energy consumption of 0.44 GJ/t (GCCSI, 2014). The total cost esti-
mated for a commercial plant with a capacity of 1 Mt/y is only $20/t CO 2 (Saima et al.,
2013b).
The European STEPWISE Project will demonstrate SEWGS technology using the
BFG from a steel plant at the 15 t CO 2 /d scale in Luleå, Sweden. The pilot consists of a
compression section, an advanced WGS section, and a SEWGS section. Although
SEWGS is a multicolumn reactive hot PSA process, in the pilot, a single column
will be used to demonstrate the H 2 /CO 2 separation in countercurrent PSA, using
2.5 t of K-promoted MgOeAl 2 O 3 hydrotalcite-based sorbent material. Operation
will focus on the steam requirement to obtain the targeted separation efficiency, cycle
design, heat management, and the interplay between the WGS and the SEWGS sec-
tions. The data will serve as reference to fine-tune the SEWGS simulation model
and to demonstrate material durability using real BFG (van Dijk et al., 2017).

2.5.4 CO 2 capture in the cement production sector
90% of the energy consumed by cement plants worldwide comes from coal. The
cement industry accounts for nearly 5% of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Moreover,
over 60% of the CO 2 emissions of modern cement plants arise from mineral decom-
position, and thus cannot be avoided by using renewable energy or improving energy
efficiency. CCUS will be necessary to fully abate the CO 2 emissions from the cement