Page 7 - Numerical Analysis and Modelling in Geomechanics

Figures

1.1 Half section of camouflet showing the void and the eight zones 3
1.2 A quarter finite element model of the camouflet for a detonation depth 12
of 8.354 m
1.3 A quarter finite element model of the camouflet for a detonation depth 13
of 12.354 m
2.1 Variation of the ratio between permeability to air and permeability to 29
water with temperature
2.2 Illustration of the principle of pressure balance and over-pressure 32
2.3 Typical tunnel geometry and the boundary conditions 34
2.4 Typical output of the 2D finite element model showing contours of 36
squares of the absolute pore-air pressure heads
2.5 Typical output of the 3D model showing the deformed groundwater 37
surface
2.6 Method of construction 41
2.7 Geology of the tunnel route 41
2.8 Comparison of the predicted and measured air losses from the tunnel 43
face
2.9 Convergence of the genetic algorithm 44
2.10 Air losses from the tunnel perimeter 45
2.11 Total air losses 45
2.12 Change in shear strength with increasing air pressure for specimen 1 49
(test series 1)
2.13 Mohr circles for specimen 1 (test series 1: increasing air pressure) 50
2.14 Change in shear strength due to increase in suction for specimen 2 51
(test series 2)
2.15 Mohr circles for specimen 2 (test series 2: increasing suction) 51
2.16 Variation in shear strength due to increase in effective normal stress for 53
specimen 3 (test series 3: saturated soil)
2.17 Mohr circles for specimen 3 (test series 3: saturated soil) 53
2.18 Variation of air permeability of shotcrete with time 54
2.19 Reduction in permeability of cement paste at early age 55
2.20 Failure envelope for the soil tested in the experiments 57
3.1 Principle of repeatability 68
3.2 Configuration of the wave-seabed-pipe interaction 70
3.3 Finite element meshes in the vicinity of a buried pipeline 70