Page 11 - Numerical Analysis and Modelling in Geomechanics

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6.12 Contour lines of the square root of the second invariant of the 187
deviatoric plastic strains for the modified construction procedure
6.13 Comparison between the vertical displacements obtained by the elasto- 187
plastic analyses of the original and modified construction procedures
6.14 Rheological model 189
6.15 Horizontal convergence vs time data measured at different tunnel 190
sections
6.16 Characteristic lines of a tunnel and of its temporary support 191
6.17 Qualitative plot of the c–φ relationship for two tunnel sections with 193
different depth of cover
6.18 Qualitative plot of variation of the friction angle along the tunnel axis, 194
assuming a constant value of cohesion
6.19 Back calculated friction angleφ and cohesion c (I: α=1.5, II: α=1.0), 196
and number N of rock bolts installed per metre of tunnel, vs the
distance d from the tunnel entrance (Italian side)
6.20 Experimental convergence vs. time curves (black squares) at different 198
tunnel sections and corresponding numerical results (solid lines) based
on the back calculated mechanical parameters (α=1.5)
7.1 Framework for the feedback system 207
7.2 Measurement of displacement by extensometer from ground surface 209
7.3 Characteristic line of deformation 210
7.4 Geological condition of the hypothetical site 211
7.5 Location of measurement points 212
7.6 Sensitivity of geotechnical parameters on crown settlement 213
7.7 Sensitivity of geotechnical parameters on sidewall settlement 214
7.8 Variation of objective function by the variation of the geotechnical 215
parameters
7.9 Idealized ground condition of a subway tunnel in Pusan, Korea 216
7.10 Typical tunnel cross section 217
7.11 Location of measurement points 218
7.12 Characteristic lines (a) Crown (Station I); (b) Side wall (Station I); (c) 219
Crown (Station II); (d) Side wall (Station II)
7.13 Plastic zone assessed by Hoek-Brown’s criterion 220
7.14 The hyperparameter β vs. AIC value in each model (a) Model I-1; (b) 221
Model I-2; (c) Modell II
8.1 Italian seismotectonic model identified by 80 seismic source zones 226
8.2 Italian seismotectonic domaines (1–9) and volcano-tectonic domain 227
(10)
8.3 Elastic pseudo-acceleration response spectra at 10% probability of 229
being exceeded in 50 years for the 60 most damaged municipalities
8.4 Seismic hazard distribution of the municipalities 231
8.5 Reference spectra 232
8.6 Non-stationary artificial acceleration time-histories 233
8.7 Scheme 1D of SHAKE 234