Page 15 - Numerical Analysis and Modelling in Geomechanics

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6.1 Distance from the tunnel entrance (Italian side) and depth of cover of 190
the various sections
6.2 Variation of the coefficient of viscosity with the distance from the 197
tunnel entrance (Italian side)
7.1 Ratio of the deformation ahead of the tunnel face to the absolute 210
deformation
7.2 Measurement points and displacements 211
7.3 Optimized parameters with changes in the number of measurement 213
points
7.4 Results of regression 218
7.5 Results of parameter estimation 219
7.6 Coefficient of variation of geotechnical parameters 222
8.1 Main earthquakes (ML≥ 5) of the Umbria-Marche sequence 241
8.2 Geotechnic parameters for the lithotechnic units 245
8.3 Classifying table for qualitative local effect situations 247
8.4 Reference coefficient Fb of each reference seismic input for normal 247
ductility structures
8.5 Results of amplification factors computed in each analysed site 253
8.6 Amplification coefficients for the geologic and geomorphologic 255
situations
9.1 Description of the main soil and rock formations used to define the 270
transects
9.2 Source parameters adopted for the December 11, 1693 earthquake 270
10.1 Capabilities and limitations of various computer programs for pile 288
group analysis
10.2 Features of group behaviour and their effect on corner loads 291
10.3 Parameters for the analyses reported in Figures 10.2–10.4 296
10.4 Parameters for the linear analyses reported in Figures 10.6–10.7 301
10.5 Additional parameters for the non-linear analyses reported in Figures 302
10.6–10.7
10.6 Comparison of different analyses for 3-pile group under general 304
loading conditions
10.7 Comparison of alternative numerical analyses for a railway viaduct in 308
North London
10.8 Comparison of axial load distribution to individual pile heads in 9- 313
pile group
11.1 Material parameters required for a coupled geomechanical surface 344
11.2 Density and elastic moduli for lithologies used in model 353
11.3 Elasto-plastic constitutive parameters for rock units in model 353