Page 4 - Oil and Gas Production Handbook An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production

CONTENTS

1 Introduction............................................................................................. 5
2 Process overview ................................................................................... 7
2.1 Facilities......................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Onshore ................................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Offshore ..............................................................................10
2.2 Main process sections.................................................................13
2.2.1 Wellheads ...........................................................................13
2.2.2 Manifolds/gathering ............................................................14
2.2.3 Separation...........................................................................15
2.2.4 Gas compression................................................................16
2.2.5 Metering, storage and export..............................................17
2.3 Utility systems..............................................................................18
3 Reservoir and wellheads......................................................................19
3.1 Crude oil and natural gas ............................................................19
3.1.1 Crude oil..............................................................................19
3.1.2 Natural gas..........................................................................21
3.1.3 Condensates.......................................................................22
3.2 The reservoir ...............................................................................22
3.3 Exploration and drilling ................................................................24
3.4 The well .......................................................................................27
3.4.1 Well casing..........................................................................27
3.4.2 Completion..........................................................................29
3.5 Wellhead......................................................................................30
3.5.1 Subsea wells.......................................................................32
3.5.2 Injection...............................................................................33
3.6 Artificial lift ...................................................................................33
3.6.1 Rod pumps..........................................................................33
3.6.2 Downhole pumps ................................................................34
3.6.3 Gas lift.................................................................................35
3.6.4 Plunger lift...........................................................................35
3.7 Well workover, intervention and stimulation................................36
4 The oil and gas process.......................................................................38
4.1 Manifolds and gathering ..............................................................40
4.1.1 Pipelines and risers ............................................................40
4.1.2 Production, test and injection manifolds.............................40
4.2 Separation ...................................................................................41
4.2.1 Test separators and well test..............................................41
4.2.2 Production separators.........................................................41
4.2.3 Second stage separator......................................................43
4.2.4 Third stage separator..........................................................44
4.2.5 Coalescer............................................................................44

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