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Figure 3: Effect of two grid levels on the waves. Left: the KCS model; right: the DTMB 5415 model
Solid lines for crests; dashed lines for trough; levels: 0.0005
3.4 Wave Patterns

Figure 4 shows the wave patterns at the fine mesh for the tanker model and the HTC model,
respectively, using the B-L model and the k-E model. The shape of the wave profiles along the hull is
predicted well (see Figs. 3 and 4), except for the case with the DTMB 5415 model, where the steep
crest wave crests are not predicted well and the first troughs are too deeper. Moreover, the effects of
the turbulence model on the waves are insensitive. Note that the effects of the damping on the wave
pattern, the diverging and the transverse wave systems, in the wake are obvious for the far-field waves,
as shown in Figs. 3 and 4, due to viscous and/or the grid size.