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64. Jaffer, “Needles are Harder to Find in Bigger Haystacks.”
65. Matthew Waxman, “How to Measure the Value of NSA Programs?” Lawfare,
August 12, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/08/how-to-measure-the-
value-of-nsa-programs/.
66. Wyden and Udall, “Wyden, Udall Issue Statement on Effectiveness of Declas-
sified NSA Programs”; Drum, “The NSA’s Massive Call Record Surveillance
Program Barely Accomplishes Anything”; andJosh Gerstein, “The Metadata
Muddle: How Effective Is Call-tracking?” Politico, June 19, 2013, http://www.
politico.com/story/2013/06/nsa-surveillance-93075.html.
67. Ibid; and Waxman, “How to Measure the Value of NSA Programs?”
68. John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart, “Secret without Reason and Costly with-
out Accomplishment: Questioning the National Security Agency’s Meta-
data Program,” I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society
10, 1 (2014): 407.
69. See Mark D. Young, “National Insecurity: The Impacts of Illegal Disclosures
of Classified Information,” I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Informa-
tion Society, 10, 1 (2014): 367: “The complexities, technology, and ambiguity
of the modern security environment make it unlikely that any single intelli-
gence source or program will provide a “smoking gun” on a national secu-
rity threat [. . .] To overcome these realities, the Intelligence Community must
apply a dizzying set of analytic techniques [. . .] This is no small task and it
requires a mosaic of information, to include bulk metadata.”
70. Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know (New York: Free Press, 2006),
397; Jason Burke and Ian Black, “Al-Qaida: Tales from Bin Laden’s Volunteers,”
The Guardian, September 10, 2009, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/
sep/10/al-qaida-terrorism-bin-laden; Matthew Schofield, “Osama bin Laden
Was Angry, Increasingly Irrelevant in Final Years, Letters Show,” McClatchy,
May 3, 2012, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2012/05/03/v-print/147573/
letters-show-bin-laden-was-angry.html.
71. Peter Finn and Anne E. Kornblut, “Al-Qaeda Couriers Provided Trail That Led to
bin Laden,” The Washington Post, May 2, 2011, http://articles. washingtonpost.
com/2011-05-02/national/35264458_1_al-qaeda-couriers-osama-
bin-laden-abu-faraj.
72. Sibohan Gorman, Evan Perez, and Janet Hook, “U.S. Collects Vast Data Trove,”
The Wall Street Journal, June 7, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142
4127887324299104578529112289298922.html.
73. Dianne Feinstein, “Make NSA Programs More Transparent,” The Wash-
ington Post, July 30, 2013, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-30/
opinions/40893423_1_nsa-analyst-national-security-agency-fisa-court; Bob
Cesca, “CNET Reporter Posts Wildly Inaccurate Yet Totally Viral “Bombshell”
About NSA Eavesdropping,” The Daily Banter, June 16, 2013,
http://thedailybanter.com/2013/06/cnet-reporter-posts-wildly-inaccurate-
yet-totally-viral-bombshell-about-nsa-eavesdropping/. Examples of critics
include: Glenn Greenwald, “Fisa Court Oversight: A Look Inside a Secret and
Empty Process,” The Guardian, June 18, 2013,