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12. For more on the EU ruling, see George J. Annas, “Protecting Privacy and
the Public—Limits on Police Use of Bioidentifiers in Europe,” New England
Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 196–201, http://jeeg.webhost4life.com/page
Documents/G2SBTU15QR.pdf; see also “DNA and Fingerprint Guidelines
‘Unlawful,’” BBC News, May 18, 2011.
13. “Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: How DNA and Fingerprint Evidence is
Protected in Law,” U.K. Home Office, April 4, 2013, https://www.gov.uk.
14. Helena Machado and Susana Silva, “Informed Consent in Forensic DNA Data-
bases: Volunteering, Constructions of Risk and Identity Categorization,” Bio-
Societies 4,4 (2009): 335–48.
15. Hank Greely, “Amgen Buys DeCODE—Reflections Backwards, Forwards,
and on DTC Genomics,” Stanford Center for the Law and Biosciences, Decem-
ber 13, 2012, http://blogs.law.stanford.edu/lawandbiosciences/2012/12/13/
amgen-buys-decode-reflections-backwards-forwards-and-on-dtc-genomics/.
16. FBI Laboratory Services, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on the CODIS
Program and the National DNA Index System, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/
lab/biometric-analysis/codis/codis-and-ndis-fact-sheet.
17. “Sensitive information” is a complex, contested term. For the purposes of this
chapter, however, it can be construed to generally refer to information that
societal norms dictate should be kept to oneself or revealed only with a select
group of people for one reason or another. This might include health informa-
tion, information about relationships, information that is used for important
government purposes, financial information, and more. For a rough definition
of “sensitive information,” see Amitai Etzioni, “A Cyber Age Privacy Doctrine:
A Liberal Communitarian Approach,” ISJLP 9 (2014), http://papers.ssrn.com/
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2348117.
18. Candice Roman-Santos, “Concerns Associated with Expanding DNA Data-
bases,” Hastings Science and Technology Journal 2 (2011): 267.
19. George J. Annas, “Privacy Rules for DNA Databanks: Protecting Coded ‘Future
Diaries,’” Journal of the American Medical Association 270 (1993): 2346.
20. Subbaya Subramanian, Rakesh K. Mishra, and Lalji Singh, “Genome-wide
Analysis of Microsatellite Repeats in Humans: Their Abundance and Density
in Specific Genome Regions,” Genome Biology 4 (2003): R13; see also Harvey
Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 224 (2008): Simple-sequence DNA, which
includes satellite DNA, minisatellites, and microsatellites, comprises about 6
percent of the human genome.
21. Rebecca Laird, Peter M. Schneider, and Silvana Guadieri, “STRs as Potential
Disease Markers: A Study of VWA and von Willbrand’s Disease,” Forensic Sci-
ence International: Genetics 1 (2007): 253.
22. P. Bennett, “Demystified . . . microsatellites,” Molecular Pathology 53 (2000):
177: SSRs can either be protein-coding or noncoding, and only about 3 percent
of the human genome codes for proteins. Meanwhile, functional DNA, which
regulates gene transcription and helps to maintain the structure of chromo-
somes, “is thought to comprise less than a sixth of the total human genome.”
The sum of all DNA with any known function represents only about 30 percent
of the human genome. All forensic loci are chosen from the remaining 70 per-
cent.); see also Gábor Tóth, Zoltán Gáspári, and Jerzy Jurka, “Microsatellites