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238 8 Mining Additional Perspectives

can be used to obtain a process model. However, also existing hand-made models
can be used.
• Step 3: connect events in the log to activities in the model. As discussed in
Sect. 7.4.3, this step is essential for projecting information onto models and to
add perspectives. Using the replay technique described in Sect. 7.2, events in the
log and activities in the model get connected.
• Step 4: extend the model. This is the topic of the current chapter.
– Step 4a: add the organizational perspective. As shown in Sect. 8.3, it is pos-
sible to analyze the social network and subsequently identify organizational
entities that connect activities to groups of resources.
– Step 4b: add the time perspective. Timestamps and frequencies can be used
to learn probability distributions that adequately describe waiting and service
times and routing probabilities. Section 8.4 demonstrates that the replay tech-
niques used for conformance checking can be modified to add the time per-
spective to process models.
– Step 4c: add the case perspective. Section 8.5 showed how to use attributes in
the log for decision mining. This shows which data is relevant and should be
included in the model.
– Step 4d: add other perspectives. Depending on the information in the log other
perspectives may be added to model. For example, information on risks and
costs can be added to the model. Existing risk analysis techniques and costing
approaches such as Activity Based Costing (ABC) and Resource Consumption
Accounting (RCA) can be used to extend the model [21].
• Step 5: return the integrated model.

In Chaps. 11 and 12, we provide an overall life-cycle describing a process mining
∗
project (L life-cycle model). This more elaborate life-cycle incorporates Fig. 8.16.
The integrated model resulting from the steps in Fig. 8.16, can be used for various
purposes. First of all, it provides a holistic view on the process. This provides new
insights and may generate various ideas for process improvement. Moreover, the
integrated model can be used as input for other tools and approaches. For instance,
it can be used as a starting point for configuring a WFM or BPM system. During the
configuration of such a system for a specific process, one needs to provide a model
for the control-flow and the other perspectives. The integrated model can also be
used to generate a simulation model covering all perspectives. For example, in [83]
it is shown that the techniques described in this chapter can be used to generate a
simulation model in CPN Tools. CPN Tools is a powerful simulation environment
based on colored Petri nets [58, 96](see www.cpntools.org).
The resulting simulation model closely follows reality as it is based on event logs
rather than human modeling. The colored Petri net models control-flow, data flow,
decisions, resources, allocation rules, service times, routing probabilities, arrival
processes, etc., thus capturing all aspects relevant for simulation. The integrated
simulation model can be used for “what if” analysis to explore different redesigns
and control strategies.