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Sources and operations of waste biorefineries 127
Supply of raw material
Pretreatment of feedstock
Hydrolysis
Biological transformation
Recovery of products
Figure 5.6 Stages in biochemical conversion.
in the more drawn out term, utilizing methodologies developed and revealed for lig-
nocellulosic ethanol (Bacovsky et al., 2013).
5.5.2.2 Anaerobic process
Anaerobic process happens in controlled digesters or reactors and breakdown of
biodegradable bacterial materials are being utilized. This procedure happens with-
out oxygen at a temperature around 35 C 65 C. The principle result of this proce-
dure is biogas composed of methane and carbon dioxide and residues, which can be
overhauled up to 97% methane content and can be utilized to supplant flammable
gas. An anaerobic assimilation for the generation of biogas is a well-known large-
scale innovation. Biogas is also produced in small scale in many developing coun-
tries such as India, China, Thailand, and Nepal. In any case, this innovation has a
few impediments as far as transformation efficiency and profitability of lignocellu-
loses (Xie and Khanal, 2016).
5.5.2.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis
Different sorts of enzymes have been generally utilized for some modern purposes.
In that capacity, the production of enzymes is of critical to support different modern
needs. Until now, SSF (solid substrate fermentation) has widely investigated for the
generation of various enzymes with a definitive scope to get enzymes with high
activity produced at low cost, while utilizing cost-effective substrates as feed. As of
now, different sorts of food wastes have been utilized to deliver diverse enzymes,
including amylases, proteases, lipases, pectinases, and cellulases and especially
through SSF process. SSF has a few important points over submerged fermentation:
(1) energy and cost-effective process, (2) wastewater produced is less, (3) high
yield, and (4) simple and effective. In addition, controlling contamination and
